Definitions 1
List the three rhetorical appeals and what they appeal to.
Logos = logic (mind)
Pathos = emotion (heart)
Ethos = credibility (ethics/trust)
Define the Hasty Generalization fallacy.
a claim or judgment based on insufficient evidence
This baby seal suffocated in the recent oil spill. We have to convert to cleaner energy to save the wildlife.
Sentimental Appeal
All the cool people are buying hydroflasks, so we should, too.
Bandwagon
My local car salesman sold me a broken car. All car salesmen are dishonest, tricky people.
Hasty Generalization
Define the Sentimental Appeal fallacy.
manipulating an emotional response in place of a valid or compelling argument
Define the Either/Or fallacy.
where two alternative states are presented as the only possibilities when in fact more possibilities exist
Half the football team was late for practice last week. That's why they lost the championship game.
False Cause
We can't legalize medical marijuana because people will think it's a safe drug. Then people will start taking it for fun, and then they will want stronger drugs. Soon everyone will be under the influence of some drug. Therefore, we can't legalize medical marijuana.
Slippery Slope
Everyone is boycotting Starbucks because the company doesn't support the military, so I won't buy Starbucks coffee anymore.
Bandwagon
Define the Ad Hominem fallacy.
attacking your opponent's character or personal traits instead of engaging with their argument
Define the Slippery Slope fallacy.
asserting that if we allow A to happen, then B will consequently happen too; therefore, A should not happen
You can either come to the party with me or you can be antisocial.
Either/Or
Either you donate your old clothes to Good Will or you contribute to climate change and kill the planet.
If students use social media, they will become addicted to it. Then they will become unmotivated and not succeed in school. Therefore, we can't let students use social media.
Slippery Slope
Define the Strawman fallacy.
misrepresenting someone's argument to make it easier to attack
Define the False Cause fallacy.
presuming that a real or perceived relationship between things means that one is the cause of the other
Dr. Jones supports the new prescription for migraines and wants to fund the research. However, he majored in theater before becoming a doctor, so he isn't qualified to endorse medicines.
Ad hominem
Mr. Smith wants to increase funding for athletics in elementary schools. Parents are upset that he wants to limit students' creativity by destroying music and art programs.
Strawman
Clara is running to be class president, but her older sister was arrested for shoplifting, so we can't trust her.
Ad hominem
State the difference between Argument and Persuasion (goal and tactic).
Argument uses reasoning backed by facts to get the audience to accept your view as valid. Persuasion uses emotional manipulation to convince the audience to agree with you.
Define Logical Fallacies.
faulty, flawed, or inaccurate reasoning
Sales on energy drinks increased 50% this summer. Energy drinks lead to people not getting enough sleep. This lack of sleep led to more car accidents. Energy drink sales, therefore, caused these accidents.
False Cause
Mayor Green raised taxes in our town and then used the revenue to improve his own land. All politicians are greedy.
Hasty Generalization
The government wants to increase background checks to buy guns. It wants to take our guns and leave us defenseless.
Strawman