Photosynthesis
What atmospheric gas is fixed during the light-independent reaction of photosynthesis?
Carbon Dioxide
What process occurs when oxygen is NOT available, leading to the production of latic acid in muscle cells?
During which phase of mitosis do chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell?
Metaphase
What is the term for an organism's genetic makeup, as opposed to its physical traits?
Genotype
During glycolysis, what 3-carbon molecule is the direct product of glucose breakdown?
Pyruvate
Thylakoid membrane
What is the name of the protein/enzyme that creates ATP during cellular respiration?
ATP Synthase
What structure pulls the chromatids apart during mitosis?
Spindle fibers
What is the probability of producing a homozygous recessive offspring from a cross between two heterozygous parents?
25% or 1/4 -- BOTH ARE ACCEPTABLE
What intermediate combies with Acetyl-CoA to begin the Krebs cycle?
Oxaloacetate
How many molecules of CO2 are needed to synthesize one molecule of glucose via the Calvin cycle?
Six
What molecule acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain of aerobic respiration?
Oxygen
What is the name of the structures from which spindle fibers grow?
Centrioles
The human blood type is an example of two exceptions to Mendel's Laws, what are they?
Multiple Alleles and Codominance.
How is meiosis different from mitosis in terms of chromosome number in the resulting cells?
Meiosis produces cells with half the number of chromosomes (haploid), while mitosis produces identical cells with the full set (diploid).
What molecule is the source of the oxygen released by plants into the atmosphere?
Water (H2O)
Where does the energy released from ATP stem from?
The bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups.
Because it leads to uncontrolled cell division that allows the cells to bypass checkpoints.
When two heterozygous individuals are crossed in a monohybrid cross (e.g., Aa × Aa):
What is the phenotypic ratio of dominant to recessive traits in the offspring?
What is the genotypic ratio of the offspring?
Genotypic Ratio 1:2:1
During what specific stage of meiosis do crossing over and genetic recombination occur?
Prophase I
What two high-energy molecules produced in the light-dependent reactions power the Calvin cycle?
ATP and NAPDH (NADH WILL NOT BE ACCEPTED)
In total, how many ATP molecules are generated from one molecule of glucose during aerobic cellular respiration (including glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and ETC)?
36-38 ATP
What’s the difference between cytokinesis in plant and animal cells? You can just list the names.
Animal cells form a cleavage furrow; plant cells form a cell plate.
In a dihybrid cross (AaBb × AaBb), what fraction of offspring are expected to show both dominant traits? (GIVE ME A FRACTION)
9/16
Why does the Calvin cycle stop in the dark, even though it is called the "light-independent" reaction?
Because it depends on ATP and NADPH, which are produced only during the light-dependent reactions.