Foundations of Epidemiology
The study of how disease is distributed in populations and the factors that influence or determine this distribution.
What is epidemiology?
This 19th century Austrian physician developed a policy of hand washing for physicians and medical students to prevent child bed fever.
Who is Ignaz Semmelweis?
In the epidemiological triad, it is the pathogen or toxin responsible for disease.
What is the agent?
Disease that is characterized by signs and symptoms.
This term, which generally refers to restriction of movement of goods, people, and animals to prevent the spread of disease, derives from the forty-day period of detention Venetian officials used to prevent the spread of Black Death in the 14th century.
What is a quarantine?
Explains and observe the characteristics of the disease; who, where, or when events took place.
What is descriptive data?
The 1879 Gaston Melingue painting, "One of the first vaccinations by Edward Jenner," [Une des premières vaccinations d'Edward Jenner], depicts Edward Jenner administering vaccine for this now-eradicated virus.
What is smallpox?
Swampland where mosquitos breed, might be referred to as this element in the epidemiologic triad.
What is the environment?
An infection without clinical illness.
What is an asymptomatic infection?
The interval from becoming infected to the time of onset of clinical illness--a time you feel completely well and show no signs of disease.
What is an incubation period?
What is primary prevention?
What is miasmatic theory?
In the epidemiologic triad of human disease, this is the person who becomes sick.
What is the host?
Disease that is not clinically apparently and is not destined to become clinically apparent.
What is subclinical disease?
This is defined as the distribution of the times of onset of a disease within a population.
What is the epidemic curve?
The pap smear, which is primarily used to screen for cervical dysplasia, is this type of prevention.
What is secondary prevention?
This 19th century British anesthesiologist used 'shoe-leather epidemiology' to show that contaminated water was associated with cholera.
Who is John Snow?
A nonhuman agent, like a mosquito, that carries and transmits an infectious pathogen into another living organism is called this.
What is a vector?
Disease that is not yet clinically apparent, but is destined to progress to clinical disease.
What is preclinical disease?
It is defined as the resistance of a group of people to an attack by a disease to which a large proportion of the members of the group are immune.
What is herd immunity?
Prescribing paxlovid, which reduces the severity of Covid infection, is an example of this type of prevention
What is tertiary prevention?
In 1980, the World Health Organization certified that this disease had been eradicated.
What is smallpox?
The habitual presence, or the usual occurrence of a disease within a given geographic area.
A person who harbors an organism but is not shown to be infected via serological tests, or who do not exhibit any evidence of clinical illness, might be called this.
What is a carrier?