Movers and Shakers
The four phases of drug movement in the body.
What is Absorption-Distribution-Metabolism-Elimination?
A drug that binds to a receptor and produces a biological response.
What is an agonist?
This is the FDA’s most serious warning label for medications with life-threatening risks.
What is black box warning?
This enzyme system plays a major role in drug metabolism.
What is the CYP450 system?
In older adults, this organ’s declining function can lead to reduced drug clearance.
What are kidneys?
The fraction of an administered drug that reaches systemic circulation.
What is bioavailability?
These two types of antagonists differ in their ability to be overcome by increasing the concentration of the agonist.
What is the difference between competitive and non-competitive antagonists?
A prolongation of this cardiac interval increases the risk of torsades de pointes.
What is QT prolongation?
Grapefruit juice causes inhibition of this CYP450 isoenzyme.
What is CYP3A4?
Neonates have immature levels of these hepatic enzymes, affecting drug metabolism.
This metabolic process significantly reduces the bioavailability of orally administered drugs.
What is first-pass metabolism?
EC50 represents the concentration of a drug that produces 50% of its maximal effect and helps determine this.
What is Potency?
The simultaneous use of multiple medications, often seen in older adults, is known as this.
What is polypharmacy?
These drugs require metabolic activation before they exert their therapeutic effect.
What are prodrugs?
Pediatric drug dosages are often calculated based on this factor to ensure appropriate effects.
What is weight-based dosing?
This pharmacokinetic property determines how widely a drug distributes in the body.
What is volume of distribution (Vd)?
Drugs with a narrow value of this require close monitoring to prevent toxicity.
What is therapeutic index?
This type of disease is caused by medical treatment or drugs, such as antipsychotic-induced Parkinsonism.
What is iatrogenic disease?
Isoenzymes that enhance drug metabolism.
What are inducers?
Immature liver enzymes in neonates may lead to difficulty metabolizing this common pediatric pain reliever.
What is acetaminophen (Tylenol)?
Some drugs follow this type of kinetic process, where a constant amount is eliminated regardless of concentration.
What is zero-order kinetics?
These transmembrane proteins mediate drug responses through intracellular signaling cascades.
What are G-protein-coupled receptors?
Renal function, current medication list, and co-morbidities.
What are key considerations when prescribing for older adults?
Poor metabolizers of this enzyme may not properly convert codeine to its active form, leading to reduced pain relief.
What is CYP2D6?
This drug property would increase the likelihood of it being transferred to breast milk.
What is lipophilicity?