A.1 Communication
The primary role of the hypothalamus in maintaining homeostasis during exercise
Acts as control center for homeostasis OR links the nervous and endocrine systems.
Which hormone is released by the pituitary gland to signal the kidneys to reabsorb more water during dehydration?
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Define the term cardiac output
The volume of blood pumped by the left ventricle per minute. HR x SV
Identify the branch of the autonomic nervous system that lowers heart rate after a race.
Parasympathetic nervous system.
the part of the nervous system responsible for increasing heart rate and inhibiting digestion during a "fight-or-flight" response.
Sympathetic Nervous System
List three functions of water in the human body related to physical activity.
Thermoregulation,transport,metabolic reactions
Identify the primary gas that, when increased in the blood, triggers an increase in ventilation (breathing) rate during exercise.
Carbon Dioxide detected by chemoreceptors
State the primary function of the hypothalamus in homeostasis.
control center that monitors body variables and coordinates the nervous/endocrine response to maintain homeostasis.
Distinguish between the somatic and autonomic branches of the peripheral nervous system.
SNS-voluntary movement of skeletal muscles,
ANS- involuntary functions like heart rate and digestion
Explain how a decrease in blood plasma volume due to dehydration leads to cardiovascular drift during steady-state exercise.
Loss of plasma decreases stroke volume; to maintain cardiac output
Distinguish between ventilation rate and tidal volume.
Ventilation rate: Number of breaths per minute. Tidal volume: Volume of air inhaled/exhaled per breath
the change in systolic and diastolic blood pressure during dynamic aerobic exercise
Systolic pressure increases (to pump more blood); Diastolic remains stable or slightly decreases (due to reduced resistance in dilated muscle capillaries
Describe how the nervous and endocrine systems work together to prepare an athlete for a sprint start
Sympathetic signals trigger the adrenal glands (endocrine system) to release adrenaline.
Identify two symptoms of mild dehydration that could negatively impact a team sport athlete's performance
Increased perceived exertion or reduced concentration/decision-making
Describe the role of hemoglobin in the transport of oxygen from the lungs to the skeletal muscles during a 400m swim.
Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells to form oxyhemoglobin; allows for higher volume of oxygen to be transported in the blood
the gas that primarily regulates the increase in breathing rate during exercise.
Carbon Dioxide
Explain how vasodilation of skin capillaries helps regulate core body temperature during a training session
Core temperature rise is detected by thermoreceptors
Blood vessels near the skin surface widen (vasodilation)
This increases blood flow to the skin, allowing heat to dissipate via radiation or convection
Why is sodium considered the most essential electrolyte to replace during prolonged endurance exercise
Sodium is the primary electrolyte in sweat and is vital for water retention
Describe the process of capillary gaseous exchange at the site of the active skeletal muscle during a training session.
Oxygen diffuses from the high concentration in the capillaries into the muscle cells; Carbon Dioxide diffuses from the high concentration in the muscle cells into the blood to be removed
Explain why plain water may not be sufficient for a marathon runner compared to a sports drink.
Plain water lacks electrolytes/sodium, which are needed to maintain osmotic balance and stimulate the thirst mechanism during long races