Discourse features
A person starts saying something, realises that they've made a mistake and then they start over.
What is repairing/false start?
The evidence that children’s perceptual abilities are often in advance of their productive abilities - they understand more than they are able to produce.
What is Jean Berko’s ‘/fis/ phenomenon’?
Children acquire language by observing and imitating. Proper acquisition is achieved by conditioning - positive/negative reinforcement
What is behaviourism by Skinner?
Reassuring sounds produced by a listener; yeah, mhm, right.
What is back-channelling?
1) Uses ‘no’ or ‘not’ at the beginning or end of the sentence; 2) Puts ‘no’ or ‘not’ inside the sentence; 3) Attaches negatives to auxiliary verbs. + the name of the theorist
What is negation development by Bellugi?
statement : response
What is adjacency pair?
12 - 18 mo + 18 - 24 mo; rapid vocabulary acquisition and basic syntax (primarily nouns followed by verbs and adjectives third)
What is holophrastic stage + two-word stage?
The human brain has an innate ability to learn language – a Language Acquisition Device (LAD) – which allows children to develop language skills.
What is Nativism by Chomsky?
Omission of sounds/syllables + omission of words.
What is elision? What is ellipsis?
A response to a child's utterance in which the adult repeats some or all of the child's words and adds new information while maintaining the basic meaning expressed by the child
What is a conversational recast?
Body language, gestures, facial expressions, pauses, vocal expressions such as giggling and sighing, back-channel noises such as mm, oh
What are paralinguistic features?
Longer utterances; content/lexical words; prepositions; inflections/suffixes to show tense and person; Mistakes: overextension and underextension; 24 - 36 mo
What is telegraphic stage?
Children must have an intellectual (or cognitive) understanding of a concept before they can use language associated with it.
What is Cognitivism by Piaget?
Prompting a response; You’re new here, aren’t you?
What is a tag question?
Parent/sibling/caretaker who models language for the child (‘scaffolding’), by using the language just outside their understanding. (2 key terms)
What is the More knowledgeable other (MKO) + the Zone of Proximal Development?
Participants talk in turns + speech overlaps
What is turn-talking? What is clashing?
A famous experiment which showed the application of grammatical rules by children even to nonsense words.
What is the Berko wug test?
LAD needs a LASS to make it work correctly. LASS - parents and carers regularly interact with the child and give help in naming while they talk to him or her. This includes caretaker language, singing songs, reading and playing games with the child.
What is Social Interactionism by Bruner?
Shortening of words by adding an apostrophe; can’t, won’t, you’ll
What is a contraction?
Over-generalising or over-applying a grammatical rule to an unknown word.
What is a virtuouos error?
Tone, pitch, volume, speed
What are prosodic features?
number words; emotions; family terms; colours; contrasting concepts; addition of function words (articles, conjunctions, prepositions); virtuous errors; 36 - 60 mo
What is post-telegraphic stage?
Emphasised the social element of learning, considering how the people around the child will support them in their acquisition of language - MKO
What is Cognitivism/Sociocultural theory by Vygotsky?
Pointers for temporal and spatial orientation; here, there, this, that
What is deixis?
Eric Lenneberg (1967) stated that the LAD must be activated between the age of 2 and puberty for native language acquisition to take place.
What is the Critical Period Hypothesis?