Key terms
The main means of communication between individuals whose languages are different
What is lingua franca?
The accent most closely associated with Standard English
What is Received Pronunciation/RP?
When people who speak a language die out
What is language death?
This model presents how English is used in the world
What is Kachru's circles model?
A language spreads due to the power of its speakers
Who is David Crystal?
The most famous creole version of English and some other languages
Other names for RP
What is BBC or Queens English?
A simplified version of Anglo-American English used as a worldwide lingua franca - English without idioms, making it easier for non-Anglophones to understand and to communicate with one another
What is Globish?
A model and organisation that monitor the decline of native languages
What is UNESCO and ‘Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger’?
English is a killer language
Who is Anne Pakir?
The process by which a new variety of a language emerges from the mixing, leveling, and simplifying of different dialects
What is koineization?
Standard English, both written and spoken, is superior to dialect in many respects and the only variety which can bring benefits to its speakers
What is John Honey's Language Trap?
Dominance of one language over others + creator
What is linguistic imperialism by Phillipson?
Explains the development of New Englishes from colonization
What is Dynamic Model by Schneider?
He predicted that the number of people who speak English as a second language would exceed the number of native speakers
Who is David Graddol?
It tends to occur when speakers of different forms of the same language come into contact with one another for extended periods
What is dialect levelling?
A fight for the survival of Standard English in one Asian country
What is Speak Good English Movement in Singapore?
The massive replacement of a region's languages by languages from the outside
What is language steamroller?
This model simply gives each geographical region its own section of the circle
What is McArthur's Circles model?
He designed Globish.
Who is Nerriere?
A language made up of words and structures from the native tongues of two foreigners who do not speak each other's languages.
What is pidgin?
This demonstrated that language variety can affect people even when they think they are not impressed by it - participants believed more the people who were using RP
What is Giles's Capital Punishment Experiment?
Where one language is perceived to offer greater advantages for employment and general advancement, that language will be promoted and spoken - especially concerns immigrant children
What is language shift?
This model does not consider native speakers to be the most fluent
What is Centripetal model by Modiano?
Distribution implies adoption and conformity. Spread implies adaptation and non conformity
Who is Widdowson?