Face
The desire for approval/admiration.
What is Positive Face?
Direct and sometimes offensive language which is not regarded as standard.
What is slang?
The correct use of grammar, proper spelling and pronunciation.
What is Standard English?
Those with higher socioeconomic status pronounced /r/ more frequently than those with lower socioeconomic status. Working and lower middle class accommodated their speech when asked to repeat themselves (they pronounced the /r/ the second time around)
What did Labov's New York study show?
Conversational strategies which are intended to avoid giving offense by highlighting friendliness.
What is positive politeness?
The desire for autonomy.
What is Negative Face?
A form of non-standard English which relates to technical words and phrases used by specialist groups, or by professionals.
What is jargon?
The idea that one language or one language variant is more valued.
What is linguistic prestige?
A group of people joined by something they do - that may be a hobby, a sport, an occupation, a religion or a craft.
What is a community of practice?
It explains human motivation.
What is Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?
The positive public image you seek to establish in social interactions.
What is Conversational Face?
A variety of English that was created by mixing of words and phrases from a range of nationalities and ethnicities - originated in London.
What is MEYD?
The incorrect use of grammar, spelling mistakes and pronunciation mistakes.
What is Non-standard English?
Lower classes dropped the /g/ more frequently (walkin', talkin', drinkin'). "Norwich -g" became a marker of social class.
What did Trudgill's UK study show?
The idea that language and actions that might be considered offensive to others should be avoided, particularly with regard to race or gender
What is political correctness?
Saying something which may humiliate another person
What is a face-threatening act?
The practice of alternating between two or more languages or varieties of language in conversation.
What is code switching?
Comes from using forms of language approved by a group rather than by wider society (for example, a local dialect, slang, youth dialect or anti-language) and is equivalent to 'cool factor'.
What is covert prestige?
One group was generally associated with higher social status, they played an active part in school activities such as sports clubs, choir, and other clubs; these people also respected authority, aiming to gain praise and recognition for their actions.
The other group was associated with lower social status, tended to engage in more rebellious behaviour and had a general anti-school point of view, which also meant that they were generally against authority and did not seek the approval or praise of their superiors.
Who were jocks and burnouts?
The language of the Party in George Orwell's book '1984'. It is designed to narrow the range of thought.
What is Newspeak?
A minority language used by a small specific group which actively excludes the wider society (also called secret languages or cants)
What is anti-language?
Comes from using the socially approved forms of language such as Received Pronunciation (RP), Standard English or General American (the standard or neutral form of US pronunciation) and is equivalent to high status.
What is overt prestige?
Language differences were more closely linked to communities of practice rather than to specific social differences (class, ethnicity, gender etc.).
Regardless of someone's background, students were more likely to speak like someone who shared an interest or activity with them than with someone who didn't.
What are the relevant findings of Eckert's study?
The tendency to interpret new evidence as confirmation of one's existing beliefs or theories.
What is confirmation bias?