Muscle Tissue and Movement
This connective tissue layer surrounds an entire skeletal muscle.
What is the epimysium?
This region of a long bone surrounds the medullary cavity and provides structural rigidity for weight-bearing.
What is the diaphysis?
These neurons carry sensory information toward the CNS, while these neurons transmit commands to muscles and glands.
What are afferent neurons and efferent neurons?
This special type of protein speeds up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy
What is an enzyme?
These 3 parts of the hip bone come together at the acetabulum.
What are the ilium, ischium, and pubis?
This bony landmark of the scapula forms the highest point of the shoulder and articulates with the clavicle.
What is the acromion?
This cranial nerve innervates the muscles responsible for raising eyebrows, smiling, and frowning. Inflammation can lead to Bell's Palsy.
What is the facial nerve? (Cranial nerve VII)
This is the functional unit of skeletal muscle tissue.
What is a sarcomere?
These bone cells are responsible for depositing new bone matrix during bone growth and repair.
What are osteoblasts?
The elongated processes responsible for carrying signals from one neuron to distant targets are known as these.
What are axons?
This type of chemical bond is formed when two atoms share a pair of electrons.
What is a covalent bond?
The gastrocnemius transitions into this dense structure that inserts on the calcaneus.
What is the Achilles Tendon
The head of the humerus articulates with this shallow socket on the scapula to form the shoulder joint.
What is the glenoid cavity?
This muscle inserts on the mastoid process of the temporal bone and assists in rotating the head to the opposite side.
What is the sternocleidomastoid?
This ion must flood into a neuron's axon terminal to trigger synaptic vesicles to release acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction.
What is calcium?
This structural component of compact bone is arranged in concentric lamellae around a central canal, forming the functional unit of dense bone.
What is an osteon?
Place these events in the correct order for a spinal reflex: interneuron, receptor, skeletal muscle, afferent fiber, efferent fiber.
What is: receptor → afferent fiber → interneuron → efferent fiber → skeletal muscle?
A mutation preventing phospholipid synthesis would primarily impair the function of this essential cell structure.
What is the cell membrane?
This tarsal bone receives the body’s weight from the tibia and transfers it to the foot.
What is the talus?
This muscle has two heads, flexes the elbow, and also contributes to supination of the forearm.
What is biceps brachii?
This cervical vertebra lacks a body and articulates directly with the occipital condyles, allowing nodding (“yes”) movement.
What is the atlas? (C1)
During cross-bridge cycling, this molecule has a large "head" that pulls on the thin filament, causing contraction
What is myosin?
This cartilage structure at the ends of long bones enables them to lengthen until early adulthood.
What is the epiphyseal plate?
This thick, protective meninx (singular of meninges) directly anchors the brain and spinal cord to bone.
What is the dura mater?
Fatigue resulting from impaired ATP generation suggests a dysfunction of these organelles.
What are the mitochondria?
This bony prominence serves as the final attachment point for the patellar ligament, allowing the quadriceps to extend the knee.
What is the tibial tuberosity
These deep muscles of the shoulder (_____ major and minor) help elevate the scapula
What are the rhomboids?
This muscle encircles the mouth and is responsible for puckering the lips.
What is obicularis oris?
This type of skeletal muscle fiber has abundant mitochondria, contracts more slowly, and is highly resistant to fatigue—ideal for long-distance runners.
What are slow-twitch (Type I) fibers?
When blood calcium levels drop, this hormone stimulates osteoclast activity to release calcium into the bloodstream.
What is parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
These ions depolarize the cell membrane during an action potential, while these other ions repolarize the cell membrane, returning it to resting potential
When a patient receives hypertonic IV fluids, their cells undergo this osmotic effect.
What is water leaving the cell causing shrinkage?
The hamstrings consist of these three muscles.
What are the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus?
Retraction of the scapula—such as when pulling the shoulders back—is produced by this large diamond-shaped muscle.
What is the trapezius?
This cranial nerve provides motor innervation to the muscles of mastication?
What is the trigeminal nerve? (Cranial nerve V, mandibular division)