Metabolism & Nutrition
What type of reaction occurs when NAD+ is converted into NADH?
Reduction reaction
Where does the Krebs cycle take place?
Mitochondria
Which part of the urinary system stores urine?
Bladder
Micturition is another name for what process?
Urination
Which of the following is NOT considered a component of extracellular fluid (ECF)?
a. Plasma
b. Interstitial fluid
c. Transcellular fluid
d. Intracellular fluid
d. Intracellular fluid
What happens to cells in a hypertonic solution? Hint: Shrink or Swell
Shrink
Chemical reactions that break down complex organic molecules into simpler ones are called what?
Catabolism
What is the best estimate for the net ATP yield from the complete breakdown of a single 14-carbon saturated fatty acid?
a. 4 ATP
b. 32 ATP
c. 92 ATP
d. 312 ATP
c. 92 ATP
What important vitamin for bone health do the kidneys activate?
Vitamin D
In a nephron, what is the process that results in a substance in blood entering the already formed filtrate?
Secretion
What is the term for a blood pH above 7.45?
Alkalosis
Which electrolyte imbalance is most dangerous for cardiac function?
a. Hyponatremia
b. Hypercalcemia
c. Hyperkalemia
d. Hypochloremia
c. Hyperkalemia
Which concept describes the process where lactate is transported to and utilized as fuel by heart or brain cells?
Lactate Shuttle
Which stage of cellular respiration produces the most NADH and FADH2?
Krebs cycle
What hormone, also called vasopressin, increases with the consumption of salty food?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Distal convoluted tubule
What part of the brain contains the thirst center?
Hypothalamus
Which hormone prompts the kidneys to reabsorb sodium?
Aldosterone
Which process describes the synthesis of triglycerides?
Lipogenesis
Carbohydrates (45–65%), protein (10–35%), and fats (20–35%) represent the recommended percentage ranges of total daily calorie intake for each macronutrient. What four-letter acronym is used to describe these guidelines?
AMDR
What is the most common causative bacterium for a urinary tract infection (UTI)?
E. coli
Increased reabsorption of bicarbonate would result in what change in pH?
Increase in pH
What is the most abundant cation in extracellular fluid?
Sodium (Na+)
What is the most abundant anion in extracellular fluid?
Chloride (Cl-)
32 protons are pumped into the intermembrane space. When these protons flow through the ATP synthase, how many ATP will be produced?
8 ATP
Astronauts exploring the Moon discover a molecule called Blorp that can be metabolized for energy. During its breakdown, one molecule of Blorp produces 10 NADH and 60 FADH2. Using the standard ATP yields from oxidative phosphorylation, what is the combined total ATP yield for the breakdown of this molecule?
115 ATP
(10 NADH x 2.5 ATP/NADH = 25 ATP
60 FADH2 x 1.5 ATP/FADH2 = 90 ATP
25 ATP + 90 ATP = 115 ATP)
Which two nephron segments are mainly located in the renal medulla?
Loop of Henle and the Collecting Duct
What part of the brain acts as the primary "master switch" for urination?
Pontine micturition center (PMC) in the Pons
Which organ system is primarily responsible for short-term acid-base regulation?
Respiratory system
What is the name of the hormone that is released in response to increased blood volume/increased blood pressure?
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)