Blood
What are the 4 blood types?
Type A, Type B, Type AB, Type O
Name all of the valves of the heart.
Tricuspid, bicuspid (mitral), aortic valve, pulmonary valve
What are the 3 layers of the blood vessels? Briefly describe each.
1. Tunica intima; inner most layer. Layer of epithelial cells called endothelium
2. Tunica media; middle layer. Smooth muscle is found here
3. Tunica externa; mostly external. Helps support and hold structure for vessels
Why is a mismatch in Rh factor between mother and a fetus a concern?
If the mother is Rh+ and the baby is Rh- the mother will have antibodies that could potentially kill off the fetus
Erythrocytes are enucleate and considered WBC'S. If false, why?
False; they are considered RBC's
What valves are open when the ventricles are contracting?
Semilunar valves. (aortic valve and pulmonary valve)
What are the 3 layers of the heart wall and describe each.
Epicardium; visceral layer of pericardium
Myocardium; heart muscle
Endocardium; thin layer of epithelial tissue lining heart chambers
True or False. Capillaries have the greatest area, therefore they have the slowest flow.
True.
Why is it important that we have Albumin in our blood?
It is important because it helps to maintain colloid pressure (pressure that keeps fluid in), and without it our body will not be able maintain our blood volume.
Hematocrit is the proportion of WBC's in the entire blood count. If false, why?
False. It is the proportion of RBC's.
Identify the antigens and antibodies for all 4 blood types.
Type A; Antigen A, Anti-B bodies
Type B; Antigen B, Anti-A bodies
Type AB; Both antigens A and B, No antibodies
Type O; No antigens, Anti A and B bodies
What do the P wave, T wave, and QRS complex on the EKG show?
P wave; shows the electrical activity of atria depolarizing
T wave, shows when ventricles repolarize
QRS Complex; shows ventricular depolarization
What are the 3 categories of capillaries? Explain each.
1. Continuous; least permeable
2. Fenestrated; porous, allows some leakeage
3. Sinusoid; leakiest. Found in areas of large particle movement.
What would happen if we did not have our SA node?
Our heart would keep beating without the SA node. The AV node will keep the pace but at a slower rate.
If you are Rh- you have the antibodies for Rh+. If false, why?
False. Rh- people do not have the antibodies until they come in to contact with Rh+ blood
Name the 3 Granulocytes and describe each.
Eosinophil; responds to allergens (parasitic worm infection)
Neutrophil; plays a role in bacterial infections
Basophil; the least abundant. Plays a role with in histamine response
Come to the board and draw how the blood flows through your heart and into your systemic and pulmonary circuits.
Right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta, arteries, arteriorles, capillaries, venules, veins, vena cavae.
The right atrium and ventricle transfer deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries. Blood is oxygenated and returned to the left artium via the pulmonary veins. The left ventricle then pumps the oxygenated blood to the body, exiting the heart through the aorta. Systemic circulation flows through arteries, then arterioles, then capillaries where gas exchange occurs to tissues. Blood is then returned to the heart through venules and veins, which merge into the superior and inferior vena cavae and empty into the right atrium to complete the circuit.
True or false. The path of blood starting from the aorta (elastic artery) goes to the muscular arteries, down to the arterioles, further on to the capillaries, down to the venules, and back to the the large veins.
True. Remember that the superior and inferior vena cava are large veins.
*Arteries bring blood away from the heart. While veins bring blood toward the heart.
If our heart received constant tetanic contractions what would be the result?
Your heart would not be able to have time to relax and pump blood properly. Your heart is not meant for sustained contractions.
Blood flow is regulated in the capillaries through their sphincters. If false, why?
True.
Name the 3 important blood plasma proteins, and describe each of them.
Albumin; it is the most abundant. It helps your body maintain blood volume by osmotic pressure.
Globulin; produces antibodies
Fibrinogen; important in blood clotting
Come up to the board, draw, and explain the intrinsic conduction system.
1. SA Node generates impulses
2. Goes to AV Node and pauses for 0.1s
3. Goes down through the bundle of His (conducts the impulses through the interventricular system)
4. Lastly goes to the Purkinje fibers (depolarizes the contractile cells of both ventricles)
What are the 3 key factors that play a role in resistance?
Blood viscosity, blood vessel length, blood vessel diameter
What would happen if a person with Type B blood was transfused with Type A blood?
Agglutination would occur. The issue is that agglutination causes blockages in the blood vessels.
Arteries contain sphincters. If false, why?
False. Veins contain sphincters.