Metabolism: Proteins, Carbs, and Fats
What are the three forms of carbohydrates?
1. Monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose)
2. Disaccharides (maltose and sucrose)
3. Polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen)
What does ATP Stand for?
Adenosine triphosphate
What type of energy system does glycolysis utilize?
Anaerobic
What are the two major enzymatic systems for aerobic metabolism?
The Krebs Cycle (citric acid cycle) and the Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
What is the onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA)?
Exercise intensity at which blood lactic acid concentration >4mM
What is glucose?
Simple sugar (monosaccharides) also known as blood sugar, which can be used for energy or stored as glycogen
What is the purpose of ATP?
To transport chemical energy within a biological cell
What are the final products of glycolysis?
2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 Pyruvate
What is the function of the Krebs Cycle?
to oxidize substrates
** It also produces some ATP
What is the lactate threshold of an untrained individual and an endurance-trained individual?
Untrained individual: occurs at 50%-60% of max oxygen consumption
endurance trained individual: occurs at 65%-80% of max oxygen consumption
What two fats are important for metabolism?
1. Fatty acids - Even number of 4-24 carbon atoms bound in a chain (can be saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated)
2. Triglycerides - the form of fatty acids that are stored in fat cells
What is ATP composed of?
ADP + Pi
Where does glycolysis take place?
In the sarcoplasm of muscle cells
What hydrogen carriers transport hydrogens and electrons to the Electron Transport Chain?
NAD+ and FAD
What is lactate threshold?
Exercise intensity at which blood lactic acid exceeds the resting concentration
What is a catabolic reaction?
The breaking down of a substrate into molecules, releasing energy
How is ATP used in the body?
A small amount of ATP exists in muscle cells and provides energy for multiple muscle contractions
How many chemical reactions occur within glycolysis?
10
What acts as the final hydrogen and electron acceptor at the end of the Electron Transport Chain?
Oxygen
Is lactate removal slow or fast?
Lactate removal is fast following exercise. It usually occurs within 60 minutes.
What is an anabolic reaction?
Using energy to form a product from separate molecules
How many phosphates are there in ATP?
What molecule is used to transport hydrogen during glycolysis?
NAD+
What does the Krebs cycle produce for each acetyl-CoA molecule?
2 CO2, 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2
Is lactate responsible for muscle soreness?
No, lactate is not responsible for muscle soreness. Muscle soreness occurs due to microscopic injuries to the muscle fibers which then causes inflammation