Schizophrenia
Explain the difference between positive and negative symptoms + examples
Positive: add to environment e.g. hallucinations
Negative take a way from 'normal' functioning e.g. avolition
What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 mood disorders?
Type 1: defined by the occurrence of at least one manic or mixed episode.
Type 2: defined by the occurrence of one or more hypomanic episodes and at least one depressive episode.
What is Agoraphobia? provide an example of a situation.
Agoraphobia is characterised by excessive fear or anxiety in response to situations where escape might be difficult or help might not be available, such as using public transport, being in crowds or being outside the home alone.
Provide one strength of Oruc
Most likely validity- due to DNA testing used
Explain a psychological treatment for SZ
CBT - talk therapy to help people recognise irrational thought patterns. Sensky is support study
Describe the BDI.
This 21-item self-report
assesses attitudes and symptoms of depressive disorder
Each item in the inventory consists of at least four statements, and the person taking the test must choose the one statement that best fits how they have been feeling during a recent period of time.
There are two measures for anxiety and phobias. Identify them BOTH and describe ONE
GAD-7 - screening test, individuals are asked to provide a score between O and 3 for each item; however, in this test the scores refer to the frequency of occurrence of symptoms (0 = not at all, 1 = several days, 2 = more than half the days and 3 = nearly every day).
BIPI- self report, 18 situations covering cognitive, physiological and behavioural responses. They are then asked to rate on a scale of 0- 3 the frequency of each symptom (0 = never, 1 = sometimes, 2 = almost always, 3 = always)
Describe Freemans sample.
24
12 m 12 f
recruited from UCL
students and admin staff
all mentally well
state the two conclusions from Freeman.
1. people assign mental states to VR characters.
2. people are more likely to show persecutory ideation if they show high levels of interpersonal sensitivity or anxiety
What are the ABCDE of REBT?
Activating event (A), examining the Belief (B) about the event, analyzing the resulting Consequences (C), challenging irrational beliefs (D), and forming new, effective beliefs (E)
Explain how both Operant and Classical conditioning can explain Anxiety/phobias.
Classical: An individual may develop a phobia of a harmless stimulus if it is paired with a frightening experience. For example, a person might develop agoraphobia following an assault or mugging (being a victim of robbery) in public.
Operant: Uses negative reinforcement. In terms of a phobia, the avoidance of the phobic stimulus reduces the fear, so it is therefore rewarding, and the avoidant behaviour will be repeated. Leads to maintaining your phobia.
Identify the 3 measures used in Chapman and Delapp
BAI
FSS-II
BISS
Bonus 50 points if also mention SUDS
Provide evidence for the genetic explanation of sz
Gotsemen and shield : likelihood of developing SZ went from 1% to 48% if you have an identical twin with SZ
What did Seligman study and how does it explain mood disorders?
Attributional style -> if a person develops learned helplessness they are more likely to have a negative attributional style. this means that they are more likely to view things as internal, stable and global.
Explain the idea of 'reciprocal inhibition'
Wolpe (1958) introduced the idea of 'reciprocal inhibition', which is the impossibility of feeling two strong and opposing emotions simultaneously. The key to unlearning phobic reactions through systematic desensitisation is to put the fearful feelings associated with a phobic stimulus directly in conflict with feelings of deep relaxation and calm.
Describe Oruc et al.
Include:
Aim, sample, Method, results and/or conclusion
100 points per correct area
Aim: determine whether specific polymorphisms of two genes associated with serotonin were more common in people with bipolar
sample: 42 croatians recruited by opporutnity sample. 16 ppt shad a first degree relative. also a control group of 40.
method: blood samples analysed.
reuslts: no significant difference
conclusion: females may be slightly more vulnerable
Describe Aneja et al (example study)
Case study for individual with early onset SZ.
Family issues - living with grandparents
dropped out of school
started age 10
Evaluate Oruc in terms of free will vs determinism
Determinism: individuals with a family history are more likely to develop a similar disorder so removes factor of free will
free will: findings of Orne et al. suggest only a small genetic susceptibility for females; this indicates there must be other causes of the disorder, which may or may not be genetic in origin.
Evaluate Chapman and DeLapp in terms of applications to every day life.
Treatment of any phobia is important and will of course improve the quality of life of the patient. But finding a successful treatment for blood phobia is particularly significant due to the importance of attending medical procedures when necessary. Someone with, for example, a phobia of the sea, could, relatively easily, avoid the sea and still live a fulfilling and otherwise healthy life. However, a blood or related phobia could have serious repercussions on the patient's health if they avoid medical interventions.
Provide a piece of qualitative data from Freeman.
'Friendly people just being friendly and offering a smile'
'They were very ignorant and unfriendly'
'People were nicer than real people'
'Sometimes appeared hostile, sometimes rude'
'Part of a game (flirting but being shy)'
'It was their space: you're the stranger'
'It was nice when t hey smiled, made me feel welcome'
'They were telling me to go away'
'They looked friendly - that was my overall impression'
'One person was very shy and another had hated me'
'I smiled and chuckled'
'The two women looked more threatening'
'Some were intimidating'