Cellular Processes
What are the 7 common processes carried out by all life?
Metabolism, homeostasis, excretion, growth, nutrition, movement, response to stimuli
Ribosomes
Which type of cell lacks a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles?
Prokaryote
What are the 3 main parts of cell theory?
All living organisms are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and all cells arise from pre-existing cells
What is the SI unit used to measure cells?
Micrometer
What is the term for the maintenance of a stable internal environment in a cell?
Homeostasis
What is the function of the plasma membrane in all cells?
Controls what enters and leaves the cell
What is a key feature of the genetic material in eukaryotic cells that is absent in prokaryotic cells?
Linear DNA organized into chromosomes with histone proteins
What is the role of microscopic organisms in the development of cell theory?
they allowed scientists to observe and understand cell structure
1 mm equals how many micrometers?
1000 micrometers
What is the process by which a cell carries out its life-sustaining chemical reactions?
Metabolism
In prokaryotic cells, what is the region containing the genetic material called?
Nucleoid
How do the ribosomes in eukaryotic cells differ from those in prokaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic ribosomes are larger (80s), while prokaryotic ribosomes are smaller (70s).
What was the estimated age of Earth when the 1st undisputed evidence of life was found?
Around 3.5 billion years ago
Convert 0.005 mm into micrometers
5 micrometers
How does a unicellular organism carry out excretion?
Removing waste products through contractile vacuoles
What structure is found in plant cells and some protists, responsible for photosynthesis?
Chloroplast
What is the name of the structure that surrounds a plant cell, providing structural support and protection?
Cell wall
How did the universal genetic code provide evidence for a common ancestor?
It suggests all life evolved from a single last universal common ancestor (LUCA)
What is the formula for calculating actual size of a specimen using a micrograph?
Actual size = image size/magnification
Taxis
What is the term for the process by which a cell engulfs large particles, often in the presence of a cell membrane?
Phagocytosis
What evidence supports the theory of endosymbiosis for eukaryotic cells?
Mitochondria and chloroplasts have circular DNA, double membranes, and their own ribosomes
What are stromatolites and how do they provide evidence of early life?
Rock-like formations created by mats of cyanobacteria trapping sediments, providing fossilized evidence of life
Electron microscopes have higher resolution