Chapter 4
4
In what polysaccharide form do plants store glucose to be available later as an energy source?
Starch
What elements, and in what ratio, compose carbs?
C, H, O. 2:1:2
What is the monomer of a nucleic acid?
Nucleotide
What is a monomer of protein called?
amino acid
What is the reason carbon atoms are the most versatile building blocks of the molecules used by living organisms?
Carbon can form up to four bonds in its valence shell. These can end up straight branched or ringed.
A polysaccharide that is used for storing energy in human muscle and liver cells is __________.
glycogen
What Monosaccharide is glycogen, starch, chitin, and cellulose made from?
glucose
What makes up a nucleotide?
Pentose, nitrogenous base, phosphate group
What is a polymer of protein called?
peptide
What role do double bonds play in cis and trans isomers?
Double bonds stop the rotation of atoms and keep them in place, allowing them to be stuck across from each other, or on the same side as eachother.
What is the process by which monomers are linked together to form polymers?
Dehydration Reaction
At a conference, the speaker's grand finale was sautéing mealworms (insect larvae) in butter and serving them to the audience. They were crunchy (like popcorn hulls) because their exoskeletons contain the polysaccharide __________.
Chitin
What is the covalent bond between two nucleotides?
phosphodiester bond
What are the components of an amino acid?
central carbon, H, amino group, carboxyl group
Which functional group will make a molecule more acidic?
Carboxyl (-COOH)
The bond that joins two monomers is a ______ bond.
covalent
What is a glycosidic linkage?
The covalent bond formed by dehydration reaction between two monosaccharides.
What bond keeps the double strands of DNA together?
Hydrogen bond
The α helix and β pleated sheet represent which level of protein structure?
Secondary structure
Which functional group makes a molecule more basic?
amino group (-NH2)
What is hydrolysis?
What are the two polymers of glucose composing starch, differentiated by their linkage and thus structure?
amylose, amylopectin
Name three difference between DNA and RNA in general biology.
DNA:Double stranded, deoxygenated pentose, base pairs A & T ;G & C
RNA: single stranded, oxygenated pentose base, pairs A & U; G & C
When a protein is denatured, why does it lose its functionality?
Denaturation breaks the intramolecular bonds, such as hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions, that hold the protein in its three-dimensional shape. Without the proper shape, the protein cannot function.