Acid-Base Balance
What acid-base imbalance results from prolonged vomiting?
Metabolic alkalosis
What condition is characterized by airway inflammation and bronchospasm?
Asthma
What biomarker is most specific for diagnosing an acute myocardial infarction?
Troponin I
What is the first stage of atherosclerosis?
Endothelial injury
What is the primary buffer system in the blood?
Bicarbonate-carbonic acid system
What is the strongest risk factor for asthma?
Genetic predisposition to IgE response
What is the most common cause of left-sided heart failure?
Hypertension
What is the most common cause of secondary hypertension?
Renal disease
What condition is characterized by an increased anion gap?
Acidosis; does not tell respiratory/metabolic cause.
What is the most common cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
Smoking
What compensatory mechanism is activated in heart failure but worsens the condition?
RAAS activation
What hormone is responsible for vasoconstriction in the RAAS system?
Angiotensin II
How does the respiratory system compensate for metabolic acidosis?
Kussmaul's respirations; labored, deep breaths.
What pulmonary condition is characterized by loss of elastic recoil?
Emphysema
What type of heart failure is characterized by preserved ejection fraction but impaired relaxation?
Diastolic heart failure
What is the primary function of baroreceptors in blood pressure regulation?
Detect changes in arterial pressure and initiate compensatory mechanisms.
What is the most common cause of respiratory alkalosis?
Hyperventilation
A productive cough that is worse in the morning, is a hallmark sign of this condition.
Chronic bronchitis
Which three populations are most likely to not have classic clinical manifestations?
Elderly, Diabetics, and Women
What condition is characterized by a clot that detaches and travels through circulation?
Embolism