Heart Failure
Heart failure happens when the heart cannot pump enough of this
Nitrates work by relaxing this type of muscle.
Smooth muscle
Beta-blockers decrease this, reducing oxygen consumption.
Excitability of the heart
These two CCBs are nondihydropyridines.
Diltiazem and verapamil
This heart failure stage includes structural heart disease but no symptoms
Stage B
This nitrate can be given sublingually, IV, transdermally, or as a spray
Nitroglycerin
These two beta-blockers help prevent reinfarction 1-4 weeks after MI
Propranolol and metoprolol
CCBs decrease cardiac workload by reducing these two hemodynamic factors
Preload and afterload
An EF less than 40% indicates this type of heart failure
Systolic heart failure (HFrEF)
Pooling
Beta-blockers should NOT be used in this type of angina because they worsen vasospasm
Prinzmetal angina
This type of angina is specifically treated with CCBs due to vasospasm
Prinzmetal angina
This hormone system is targeted by ACEs, ARBs, and ARNIs.
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
PDE5 inhibitors (sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil)
This respiratory condition is a major contraindication of beta blockers due to risk of bronchospasm
Asthma or COPD
This adverse effect is common due to peripheral vasodilation.
Peripheral edema
This medication combination (hydralazine + isosorbide dinitrate) benefits this population most
African American patients with persistent symptoms
Continuous nitrate use can lead to this phenomenon, reducing effectiveness.
Tolerance
NSAIDs reduce the effectiveness of beta-blockers by decreasing this effect.
Antihypertensive effect