England
What was the main difference between England’s first attempts at colonization in the 1500s and their successful efforts in the 1600s?
The main difference was permanence.
Who was the first Portuguese explorer to reach the coast of Brazil?
Pedro Álvares Cabral. He arrived in April 1500 while trying to find a route to India.
Who was the first major French explorer to claim land in North America?
Jacques Cartier.
Who was the explorer hired by the Dutch to find a shortcut to Asia?
Henry Hudson
Who led the first Spanish expedition to reach the Americas?
Christopher Columbus.
What was the main goal of early English voyages in the 1400s?
Finding a faster trade route to Asia
What was the main goal of early Portuguese exploration in the 1400s?
Finding a sea route to India and the Spice Islands by sailing around Africa.
What was the name of the vast territory France controlled in North America?
New France (Nouvelle-France).
What was the name of the Dutch colony located in modern-day New York?
New Netherland.
What were the "Three Gs" that motivated Spanish explorers?
Gold, God, and Glory.
How did England fund its first successful colonies like Jamestown?
Through Joint-Stock Companies, where private investors shared the costs and risks.
What was the first major resource the Portuguese exported from Brazil?
It was a tree highly valued for producing a vibrant red dye used in European textiles.
How did the French population in the colonies compare to the English?
It was much smaller, as the French preferred small trading posts over large permanent towns.
What was the original Dutch name for New York City?
New Amsterdam.
Who were 2 Spanish soldier-explorers ?
Hernán Cortés and Francisco Pizarro.
What was the difference between New England and Southern colonies?
New England focused on religious freedom, while Southern colonies focused on farming and trade.
What was Portugal’s most significant colony in the Americas?
Brazil, which became the world’s largest producer of sugar and later discovered gold.
What was the most important resource the French traded for in North America?
Animal furs, especially beaver pelts.
What was the main item the Dutch traded for in North America?
Beaver pelts (furs).
Which two major empires did Spain conquer in the Americas?
The Aztec Empire (in modern-day Mexico) and the Inca Empire (in modern-day Peru).
What economic system did England use to control colonial trade by the 1700s?
Mercantilism, which meant the colonies existed to make the "Mother Country" rich.
How did Portuguese colonization change by the 18th century?
They moved away from just trading spices in Asia and focused heavily on land-based plantation farming and mining in Brazil.
How did France’s relationship with Indigenous peoples differ from other empires?
They were generally more cooperative, forming military and trade alliances to protect their fur business.
Which company was in charge of Dutch colonization in the Americas?
The Dutch West India Company (WIC).
What was the "Columbian Exchange"?
It was the global transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, and diseases.