Software
What are the two main categories of software, and how do they differ?
System software manages and controls the computer hardware and provides a platform for other software to run.
Application software helps users perform specific tasks
State two main functions of an operating system.
Memory management, process management, file management, device management, user interface, security, network management
What does GUI stand for, and what are its four main WIMP components?
Graphical User Interface. Components: Windows, Icons, Menus, Pointers.
Which generations of programming languages are classified as low-level and which as high-level?
Low-level: 1GL and 2GL.
High-level: 3GL, 4GL and 5GL.
Explain the difference between general-purpose, special-purpose, and bespoke software
General-purpose designed for many common tasks and users.
Special-purpose designed for one specific type of task.
Bespoke created for a specific customer or organisation.
What is the difference between a single-tasking OS and a multitasking OS?
Single-tasking runs one task at a time;
Multitasking allows several tasks/processes to run at the same time.
Why does CLI usually require fewer system resources than GUI?
Because CLI does not need to display graphical elements such as windows, icons, menus, and animations
Give two differences between low-level and high-level programming languages.
Low-level languages are closer to hardware, harder to read and more hardware-dependent. High-level languages are easier to read, more portable and faster to develop with.
What is the role of software Libraries, and what is the key advantage of using them during programming?
Libraries are pre-compiled collections of reusable code/functions. Saves development time and reduces errors by using already tested code.
Compare single-user and multi-user operating systems
Single-user OS allows one user to access the system at a time
Multi-user OS allows multiple users to log in, share resources, and run programs simultaneously
Identify two main advantages and two main disadvantages of a Command Line Interface (CLI)
Requires fewer system resources and allows execute tasks faster using scripts
Requires knowledge of commands and correct syntax. Can be difficult for beginners to learn and use.
What is the main difference between imperative and declarative programming?
Imperative describes how to solve a problem. Declarative describes what result is needed.
A program checks files for threats, removes temporary files, and helps maintain system performance. What type of software is it, and why?
Utility software, because it performs maintenance, protection, and optimisation tasks.
Describe two core features of a Network Operating System
Centralized user authentication and security management.
Shared network resource management (files, printers, databases across multiple clients).
What is the difference between Natural Language Interfaces (NLI) and Gesture Recognition Interfaces (GRI)?
NLI allows users to interact with a system using spoken or written natural language. GRI allows users to control a system using physical gestures or body movements.
Why might a programmer choose a low-level language even though it is harder to write and understand?
Because it provides greater control over hardware, memory, and processor operations, and can be more efficient for system-level tasks.