War and Empire
What is manifest destiny?
Belief that enterprising pioneers had a divine right to expand of the continental United States as a moral obligation to God
What were the effects of 1965 Immigration and Naturalization Act?
- allowed well educated, professional, and wealthier immigrants from Asia
What are the two major principles of neoliberalism?
privatization & personal responsibility
Whiteness is an ________ category
unmarked
What is the "great sport myth"?
"Sport is essentially pure and good, and its purity and goodness are transferred to anyone who plays, consumes, or sponsors sports. Therefore, there is no need to study and evaluate sports for the purpose of transforming or making them better, because they are already what they should be” (p. 11)
What was the 1945 War Brides Act?
allows for the spouse of a US army and service person to enter the country through documented non-quota immigration
What were the 2 special preferences of the 1965 Immigration Act?
- family preference
- labor preference
What is globalization?
“‘Globalization’ is a term used by academics, political figures, and activists to describe changes in economic, political, and cultural life due to accelerated flows of capital, goods, media, and people across borders...(globalization) is used to identify processes and practices engaged in by more powerful world actors like governments or multinational corporations” (Rodriguez, 2015, p. 119)
What is self-orientalism?
“seeing themselves through western eyes” (p. 6)
“the Orient itself participates in the construction, reinforcement and circulation of orientalist discourse” (p. 6)
How do Asian bodies fit in the black-white dichotomy of sports?
Invisibility - Asians and Asian Americans are excluded from conversation
Miseducation/misrepresentation - Asian bodies are emasculate, weak, the opposite to “whiteness”
What were the effects of the Korean War on Korean immigration into the US?
- Korean war brides
- Korean adoptees
What is the model minority stereotype?
- racial category that homogenizes Asian Americans
What is "yellow peril"
- Fear of Asians "invading the US"
- rhetoric of disease, foreignness
How is whiteness both an American normative and global concept?
- assimilation
- effects on minoritized people
What is the distinction between game and sport?
Game - Non-serious form, free, spontaneous, but also can be restraining and rule-bound
Sport - Competition that includes physical skill, strategy /Zero-sum games: one can win only; the other must lose
What was the 442nd Regimental Combat Team? How was it an example of racialization of Japanese Americans?
- military combat team composed entirely of Japanese Americans
- classified as "enemy" and "alien"
How is the model minority stereotype used in racial politics?
- assimilability
- placing Asian Americans and black Americans in opposition
What were the circumstances surrounding Vincent Chin's murder?
- deindustrialization in Detroit -> auto workers
- contempt against Japanese auto industry
How is Soo Ah Kwon's definition of autoexoticization different from Savigliano's definition?
- Savigliano - Colonized people reproduce their own exoticism by looking through dominant Western paradigms, colonial hegemony is continued, reinforced, and justified
- Kwon - Asian American youth challenge hegemonic representation of Asianness and forge NEW cultural identities
What is Midnight Basketball? How is an example of how black and brown bodies are governed?
- Sport for development and peace program in the 1990s
- bodies out of place
What was Executive Order 9066 and what was the consequence of it?
- authorized incarceration of Japanese Americans
- rights as American citizens
What does the Korean term “Saigu” mean? What is its significance?
- refers to the April 29th LA riots
- commemorates tragic incidents against the Korean (American) community in LA
What did the scapegoating of Japanese competition in the auto industry hide in terms of the US economy and the way it treated its workers?
- How the US companies considered its labor as human capital
- Becoming a non-unionized – corporate-friendly state
How is the import car scene an example of autoexoticization?
- Driving Japanese car – anti-Asianness in the 80s
- Representing “differences”: Japanese names, Chinese characters
- Creating pan-Asian ethnic identities
How is sport an example of racial formation?
“Racial formation is thus a vast summation of signifying actions and social structures, past and present, that have combined and clashed in the creation of the enormous complex of relationships and identities that is labeled race” (Omi & Winant, 2015, p. 13)
- sport permeates systemic racism