Verbal Behavior
An elementary verbal operant evoked by a nonverbal discriminative stimulus and followed by generalized conditioned reinforcement. In laymen terms labeling something. Ex: Child sees cloud points and says "cloud".
What is tact?
An environmental variable that alters 1) (increase or decreases) the reinforcing or punishing effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or event, 2) the current frequency of all behavior that has been reinforced or punished by that stimulus, object, or event
What is (MO) Motivation Operation?
A response followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus change that results in similar responses occurring more often. A desirable stimulus is introduced to encourage certain behavior. Ex:A father providing his child with a piece of candy for cleaning up his toys
What is positive reinforcement Sr+?
The discontinuing of a reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior (i.e., responses no longer produce reinforcement). Ex:a child associates the sound of a microwave with her favorite snack, and she rushes into the kitchen. But after dad uses the microwave several times without making the snack, she gradually stops.
What is extinction?
The process of breaking a complex skills or series of behaviors into smaller, teachable units; also refers to the results of this process. Skills taught using a ______? include daily living skills such as brushing teeth, bathing, making a meal, and performing a variety of household chores
What is task analysis?
An elementary verbal operant evoked by an MO and followed by specific reinforcement. Demand like speaker asks something what she or he want. Ex:a thirsty child says “water” while reaching for a cup of water.
What is mand?
A motivating operation that decreases the reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus, object, or event. Ex: the reinforcing effectiveness of food is abolished as a result of food ingestion.
What is (AO) Abolishing Operations?
A contingency in which the occurrence of a response is followed immediately by the termination, reduction, postpone or avoidance of a stimulus, and which leads to an increase in the future occurrence of similar responses. An undesirable stimulus is removed to encourage the behavior. Ex:a teacher can eliminate that night's homework if kids study hard and accomplish a lot in class. Then the kids will consistently work harder.
What is negative reinforcement Sr-?
An increase in the frequency of responding when an extinctions procedure is initially implemented. Ex:Alexa’s challenging behavior increased sharply initially when her teacher began the procedure.
What is an extinction burst?
Various methods for linking specific sequences of stimuli and responses to from new performance. Ex: In the example of tooth-brushing, the first step.. Second step.... Third.... Fourth...
What is chaining?
An elementary verbal operant evoked by a vocal verbal Sd that has formal similarity between an auditory verbal stimulus and an auditory verbal response product, and a history of generalized reinforcement. Therapist says "swing", the student says "swing"
What is echoic?
A motivating operation that increases the effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or event as a reinforcer. Ex: food deprivation establishes food as an effective reinforcer.
What is (EO) Establishing Operations?
A procedure in which stimuli with known reinforcing properties are presented on fixed-time or variable time schedules completely independent of behavior. Ex: Alexa received reinforcement on a set time schedule regardless of the behavior she engages in
What non-contingent reinforcement (NCR) ?
A response followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that decreases the future frequency of the behavior. Ex:Assigning students who forget to turn in their assignment extra work
What is positive punishment ?
A method for teaching behavior chains that begins with the learner being prompted and taught to perform the first behavior in the task analysis; the trainer completes the remaining steps int eh chain. Ex:In the example of tooth-brushing, the first step might be to take the toothbrush from its holder. The second step...
What is forward chaining?
An elementary verbal operant evoked by a verbal discriminative stimulus that does not have point-to-point correspondence with that verbal stimulus. The opposite of the echoic. It is for social interaction. A Mom asks her son "How was school today", the son answers "It was fun in PE class". The mom says "What did you do in PE class?"
What is intraverbal?
A stimulus in the presence of which a given behavior has been reinforced and in the absence of which that behavior has not been reinforced. As a result of this history, This (?) evokes operant behavior because its presence signals the availability of reinforcement. Ex:The command given to the student, "do this" or "point to A"
What is (Sd) Discriminative Stimulus?
A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement is delivered for the first response emitted following passage of a fixed duration of time since the last response was reinforced. Ex: the first response following the passage of 3 minute is reinforced
What is fixed interval schedule of reinforcement (FI)?
A response behavior followed immediately by the removal of a stimulus that results in similar response occurring less often. Ex:A teen answers his phone in the classroom, interrupting the teacher. The teacher takes away his phone for the rest of the day.
What is negative punishment?
A teaching procedure in which a trainer completes all but the last behavior in a chain, which is performed by the learner, who then receives reinforcement for completing the chain._______is recommended if the child can successfully complete more steps at the end of the behavior chain.
What is backward chaining?
A type of duplic verbal behavior in which the form of a motor response in under the functional control of a visual verbal Sd that has formal similarity between a verbal stimulus and a verbal response product, and history of generalized reinforcement. Ex:The teacher says “do this. clap your hands” Student is to mirror the action of the teacher
What is motor imitation?
A stimulus in the presence of which a given behavior has not produced reinforcement, or has produced reinforcement or less quality in the past. (Contrast with Discriminative Stimulus). Ex: I have two letter cards, A and B. I says "Point to the A", then A is Sd and B is _______?
What is (S-Delta) Stimulus Delta?
A schedule of reinforcement requiring a varying number of responses for reinforcement. Ex: schedule an average of responses must be emitted for reinforcement.
What is variable ratio schedule of reinforcement (VR)?
Using differential reinforcement to produce a series of gradually changing response classes.Each response class is a successive approximation toward a terminal behavior. Ex: John never does his math homework. You would like to have him complete his homework on a daily basis. Therefore, you decide to break down the desired behavior into substeps that are progressively more demanding.
What is shaping?
_________ is emphasized so the learner can do the task themselves without the support of prompts. It refers to decreasing the level of assistance needed to complete a task or activity. When teaching a skill, the overall goal is for the student to eventually engage in the skill independently.
What is prompt fading?