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Positive Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement
Schedules of Reinforcement
Characteristics of ABA
Basic Concepts
100
A conditioned reinforcer that as the result of having been paired with many other reinforcers does not depend on an establishing operation for any particular form of reinforcement for its effectiveness.
What is generalized conditioned reinforcer.
100
A previously neutral stimulus change that functions as a negative reinforcer because of prior pairing with one or more negative reinforcers.
What is conditioned negative reinforcer.
100
Changing a contingency of reinforcement by gradually increasing the response ratio of the extent of the time interval; it results in a lower rate of reinforcement per responses, time, or both.
What is schedule thinning.
100
The belief that the universe to be studied by science is a lawful place where all phenomena are the result of other events. Everything is cause-effect (functional relationships).
What is determinism.
100
Behavior is modified by its consequences regardless of whether the individual is aware that she is being reinforced.
What is automaticity of reinforcement.
200
Reinforcement that occurs independent of the social mediation by others.
What is automatic reinforcement.
200
A stimulus that functions as a negative reinforcers as a result of the evolutionary development of the species (phylogeny); no prior learning is involved (e.g., shock, loud noise, intense light, extreme temperatures, strong pressure against the body).
What is unconditioned negative reinforcer.
200
A behavior effect associated with abrupt increases in ratio requirements when moving from denser to thinner reinforcement schedules; common effects include avoidance, aggression, and unpredictable pauses or cessation in responding.
What is ratio strain.
200
The philosophy of the science of behavior.
What is behaviorism.
200
A group of behaviors that serve the same function/cause the same effect on the environment.
What is response class.
300
A principle that states that making the opportunity to engage in a high-probability behavior contingent on the occurrence of a low-frequency behavior will function as reinforcement for the low-frequency behavior.
What is Premack Principle.
300
A contingency in which a response prevents or postpones the presentation of a stimulus.
What is avoidance contingency.
300
The absence of responding for a period of time following reinforcement; an effect commonly produced by FI and FR schedules of reinforcement.
What is post-reinforcement pause.
300
A fictitious variable (often another name for the observed behavior) that contributes nothing to the understanding of the variables responsible for developing or maintaining the behavior. Knowledge or intelligence is an example of explanatory fiction.
What is science.
300
The evolutionary history of a species.
What is Phylogeny.
400
Occurs when a behavior is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that increases the future frequency of the behavior in similar conditions.
What is positive reinforcement.
400
A contingency in which responses at any time during an interval prior to the scheduled onset of an aversive stimulus delays the presentation of the aversive stimulus.
What is free-operant avoidance.
400
A schedule of reinforcement consisting of two or more elements of continuous reinforcement (CRF), the four intermittent schedule of reinforcement (FR, VR, FI, VI), differential reinforcement of various rates of responding (DRH, DRL), and extinction. The elements of these basic schedules can occur successively or simultaneously and with or without discriminative stimuli; reinforcement may be contingent on meeting the requirements of each element of the schedule independently or in combination with all elements.
What is compound schedule of reinforcement.
400
When simple, logical solutions are ruled out (experimentally or conceptually) prior to more complex, abstract explanations being considered. When there is more than one possible explanation, you assume the simpler one is true until it is ruled out.
What is parsimony.
400
A technologically consistent method for changing behavior derived from one or ore principles of behavior (e.g., differential reinforcement of other behavior, response cost); possesses sufficient generality across subjects, settings, and/or behaviors to warrant its codification and dissemination.
What is behavior change tactic.
500
A method for predicting whether contingent access to one behavior will function as reinforcement for engaging in another behavior based on whether access to the contingent behavior represents a restriction of the activity compared to the baseline level of engagement.
What is response-deprivation hypothesis.
500
A contingency in which responding in the presence of a signal prevents the onset of a stimulus in which escape is a reinforcer.
What is discriminated avoidance.
500
A situation in which reinforcement is available only during a finite time following the elapse of a FI or VI interval; if the target response does not occur within the time limit, reinforcement is withheld and a new interval begins (e.g., on a FI 5-minute schedule with a limited hold of 30-seconds, the first correct response following the elapse of 5-minutes is reinforced only if it occurs within 30 seconds after the end of the 5 minute interval).
What is limited hold.
500
A fictitious variable (often another name for the observed behavior) that contributes nothing to the understanding of the variables responsible for developing or maintaining the behavior. Knowledge or intelligence is an example of explanatory fiction.
What is Explanatory Fiction.
500
The process of gradually diminishing response strength due to repeated exposure to the antecedent condition.
What is habituation.