Terminology
________ is the loss of a specific amount of reinforcement contingent on the occurrence of a response which reduces the probability of the target behavior.
Response Cost
Vince attends class for the first time for the new semester. During this class, Vince is called on by the professor to answer questions out loud. Vince is extremely afraid of public speaking, so answering questions was a terrible experience, and Vince did not want to be put through that again. After this class, Vince never attended another lecture despite losing out on participation credit. What happened here and what was the side effect of the consequence?
Positive Punishment & Avoidance
What are some ways to control for reactivity?
Conduct repeated observations, observe incognito (such as through camera), and/or observe discretely.
Vince observed his client in their home to see what the client would be drawn to. What type of preference assessment is Vince conducting?
Free Operant (Naturalistic).
A _____ is a verbal operant that is under the control of an MO and requires specific reinforcement.
Mand
_________ includes indirect and direct procedures such as interviews, checklists, and tests to identify and define the specific target behavior.
Behavioral Assessment
Vince was taught to say "Bye" when leaving people. Now when he leaves people, he not only says "Bye," but he also says, "See ya," "Catch ya later," and "Peace out!" Vince's behavior change is an example of what?
Response Generalization
Vince is consulting with a school who wants to use a time-out procedure with a student who engages in disruptive behaviors. In general, which would be the best tactic to use when the student engages in behaviors?
A) The student is sent to the principal's office for 5 minutes.
B) The teacher and classmates leave the student in the classroom to continue their lesson outside without the student until the lesson is over.
C) The student is told to sit in the corner of the room and watch the class from a distance for 3 minutes.
D) The student gets to stay in their seat but is ignored by everyone for 30 minutes.
C (Non-exclusion time-out)
Vince and his client signed a contingency contract to get a 3.5 GPA in order to earn a Nintendo Switch. As the client is working, it looks like he's going to easily surpass the 3.5 GPA. When the deadline arrives, Vince's client got a 3.89, and Vince says, "OK listen, I could see that this was easy for you, I know you can get a 4.0. Let's try for that this next semester, and then I'll give you the Switch, OK?" Is this fine?
No! Rewards must be delivered per contractual agreements!
Vince is looking through his schedule to confirm who he's overlapping with. He notices that the session he was going to go to has been cancelled. He mutters to himself, "Oh, I guess session's cancelled." What verbal behavior was Vince engaging in?
Tact
The extent to which a learner continues to perform the target behavior after a portion or all of the intervention responsible for the behavior's initial appearance in the learner's repertoire has been terminated is _______________.
Response Maintenance
Vince's friend got into their first relationship and is constantly asking Vince for advice. Despite having received lots of advice, Vince's friend never actually followed any of the advice. After the third time this happened, Vince said, "What's the point of asking me? You don't even do what I tell you to do" and stopped giving any advice. What consequence was Vince's behavior of giving advice encountering?
Extinction
Of these choices, which ones demonstrate appropriate considerations of prioritizing a target behavior?
A) Amy is working on wearing a mask for longer periods of time due to the COVID-19 pandemic
B) Becky is starting with mands since it will help her get what she wants at a higher rate
C) Carrie is targeting imitation behaviors because she knows it will produce positive results in her study
D) Donna wants to teach manners and politeness to her client because it'll make the behavior specialist happier
E) Emily's parents want her to speak but the BCBA thinks starting with PECS would be better since Emily is non-verbal and is more likely to be successful with PECS.
A (Threats to health/safety)
B (Higher rates of reinforcement)
E (Likelihood of success)
In a self-monitoring system, you should
1) Set your goal
2) Evaluate how you're doing
and
3) _____________?
Reward Your Progress
Vince is at the mall when he is approached by a previous client who says, "Vince, it's me! What's up!" Vince responds, "Oh my God, hey, it's been so long!" Vince's response is an example of what verbal behavior?
Intraverbal
Behaviors that bring the learner into contact with new contingencies that have far-reaching consequences are known as _____________.
Behavior Cusps
Vince has a great new intervention in mind to support one of his clients. Before he introduces it, he goes onto the autism subreddit and asks the community for their approval on the intervention. What is Vince looking for by doing this?
Social Validity
Vince picks his nose so frequently that it starts bleeding. The BCBA thinks Vince does this so that he can smell and taste the blood. Providing Vince with something else to do with his hands hasn't helped. Nor has letting Vince have red paint on his fingers or giving him foods/drinks that have a very iron-y taste to lick. It's time to use a punishment procedure. Which procedure would be the best one to attempt first?
A) Response Blocking
B) Response Interruption and Redirection
C) Overcorrection
D) Contingent Exercise
E) Positive Practice
A) Response Blocking
Vince came up with a brilliant token system for his toddler. When Vince's toddler earns all of his tokens, Vince will deposit $100 dollars into a savings account made in the toddler's name. That way, when he's all grown up, he'll have lots of money in his account! Smart investing! Vince clearly defined the behavior that would result in the tokens, explained the rules, used neutral tokens, and rewarded behaviors on an FR1 schedule. However, Vince wasn't seeing any changes in his toddler's behaviors. What should Vince re-evaluate to modify his token system?
The reinforcer
An antecedent and response that share the same sense mode and physically resemble each other is said to have ______________.
Formal Similarity
____________ occurs when the application of the independent variable differs from the way it was applied at the study's onset.
Treatment Drift
Vince gets really nervous in new social settings and tends to avoid talking to people by going on his phone to look busy. Vince knows this isn't a great way to meet new people, so he's trying to work on it with a new plan. At his next social setting, Vince noticed he was taking out his phone and told himself, "Stop that right now." He grabs a drink to hold onto instead so he can't be on his phone. Once he no longer has the crutch of his phone, Vince tells himself, "OK go introduce yourself to that person." What self-management strategy was Vince using?
Habit Reversal
Vince has a bad attitude at work and it's really starting to affect morale within the company. Vince's manager wants to work on improving his attitude but knows that he can't just be on top of Vince all the time to be more positive, plus he knows Vince won't listen to the higher-ups. The manager wants to take advantage of Vince's colleagues to encourage (and pressure) him into a better attitude. Which group contingency should the manager use?
Dependent group contingency.
In the good behavior game, the teams/individuals who earn the reward have to do what?
Receive the fewest marks/strikes
Vince is watching videos on Tik Tok and stumbles upon a funny audio that goes "Katrina Katrina Katrina." Throughout the day, Vince randomly says out loud, "Katrina Katrina Katrina" and chuckles to himself. What verbal behavior is Vince engaging in?
Echoic