Unit 3
What is Equitable self-interest and who's term is it?
Danielle Allen:
People looking after themselves, but not at the expense of others.
"It is wrong always, everywhere, and for anyone to believe anything on insufficient evidence"
- who says this?
- what is their justification?
Bonus 10 points: This philosopher is an ____________.
- Clifford
- believing things on insufficient evidence can lead to societal degradation
- evidentialist - one should only hold a belief if there is compelling evidence.
Transcending
to go beyond
What year was the Johnny Depp/Amber Heard case?
2022
Laelius is a character from which philosopher's text?
Bonus 50 points: what is his key argument?
Cicero
Bonus: friendship can only exist between two virtuous people
Both Nietzsche and SdB consider authenticity to be...
What are the conditions of TDAP2?
a) likely to know P; and
b) better placed to have knowledge of P than I am; and
c) sincere in their telling of P; and
d) not presenting contrary testimony as far as I am aware;
AND I consciously recognise of a) to d).
Evaluate
Exploring the strengths/weaknesses of an argument.
What is the epistemic problem with this case?
That Amber's testimony was not taken seriously due to her status as a woman, and as she was up against someone with huge amounts of credibility. It is NOT about "who is telling the 'truth'" but about the implications of not believing women, the implications of credibility excess, the way the media twists evidence etc.
difference between pragmatism and correspondence ?
pragmatism = something is true if it works/it practical.
Correspondence = something is true if it reflects (or corresponds) with objective reality.
The absence of "roots" according to ______ leads to ________.
Weil, suffering.
What are Peirce's four methods of tenacity?
1. The method of tenacity
2. The method of authority
3. The a priori method
4. the method of science
Fallibility
possibility to be wrong/make an error.
In what way does this case represent Nguyen's echo chamber?
- people who believed that JD was innocent actively rejected any discourse that suggested otherwise, and were not willing to concede even when given new information/evidence.
what is an example of hermeneutical injustice?
Sexual harassment in the '70s before it was a known term.
To Weil, is 'good' a priori or a posteriroi ?
it is a priori. Good is fixed and unchanging.
Which two examples does M. Fricker use in her text to describe epistemic injustice?
The Talented Mr Ripley and To Kill A Mockingbird.
Facticity
fixed, unchangeable facts (like a birth date, height, ones past)
When people take in content or evidence and spin it to support their bias, belief, or agenda.
What is confirmation bias?
What are the two kinds of moral saints that Wolf explores?
The rational saint: someone who is committed to moral action out of duty. They will sacrifice own happiness if it means acting in a way that is moral. This won't bring them joy, but they believe it is right.
The loving saint: motivated by the love of others. Other people's happiness is the source of their own happiness.
One similarity and one difference between the way Singer and Weil view obligations.
Difference: Weil believes in an eternal destiny whereby obligations are a part of being human. they are not taught they exist in another realm.
Singer believes everyone has an obligation to others from a moral standpoint. If you can, you must.
- who said it
- how does it pose an epistemic problem?
- Clifford
- How can we be certain of things that we have not experienced?
- just because something has happened, doesn't mean it will.
misinformation, disinformation and echo chambers
misinformation: spreading that is untrue through ignorance, error or mistake.
disinformation: intentionally spreading information which is untrue with the intent to deceive.
echo chambers: something that happens when a group who hold the same belief actively dismiss counter information and avoid anything that rejects it.
NOTE: YOU SHOULD DISCUSS THESE TERMS IN YOUR ESSAY COMPONENT AS THIS IS THE CONTEXT.
Identify an example of:
misinformation, disinformation and echo chambers
from the amber heard case.
NOTE: Your answer might be different to this but you'll get points as long as you are correct.
Misinformation: that it is a domestic violence case and that JD won means he is innocent.
disinformation: spreading that AH is a liar
echo chamber: social media
What are the four types of men according to SdB, and which does SdB think is the worst type of man, and why???
- sub
- serious
- adventurous
- genuinely free
subman, they fundamentally reject their freedom and are stripped to their bare facticity.