Anatomy
Diseases and Pathology
Exam Indications and Risk Factors
Exam Basics
Flow and Doppler
100
These arteries, indicated by the LONG arrows, give rise to the interlobar arteries.
What are the segmental arteries?
100
This disease is identifiable by its "bead-like" appearance on imaging.
What is Fibromuscular Dysplasia?
100
This symptom/indication is most commonly associate with liver vasculature and duct pathology. It is characterized by a yellowing of the skin and eyes.
What is jaundice?
100
This term is used to describe a patient in a fasting state.
What is "NPO"?
100
Flow towards the liver
What is Hepatopetal?
200
This is the vessel that lies directly anterior to the left renal artery.
What is the left renal vein?
200
The most common site for FMD in the main renal artery.
What is distal?
200
This is the primary indication for the renal artery doppler examination.
What is hypertension (uncontrolled)?
200
The angle used when performing doppler imaging on the vascular system.
What is less than or equal to 60?
200
The waveform represented by a normal main renal artery.
What is low resistance?
300
The vessel that courses posteriorly to the IVC.
What is the right renal artery?
300
The level/percentage of disease indicated by a low-resistance waveform, focal velocity increase with possible post-stenotic turbulence, RAR >2.0 but <3.5, and a PSV of <180-200 cm/s.
What is <60%?
300
The most common etiology/risk factor of renal vascular disease.
What is atherosclerosis?
300
The area where the aortic sample is obtained to calculate the RAR.
What is the level of the SMA (prox aorta)?
300
1) This waveform is called this because it looks like a certain letter in the alphabet.
2) This waveform belongs to this vessel.
1) What is the Flying W?
2) What is the hepatic vein(s)?
400
This congenital anatomical variant requires the sonographer to scan from an anterior-midline approach due to fusion of the kidneys.
What is Horseshoe Kidney?
400
This disease is characterized by the entrapment of the left distal renal vein between the aorta and the superior mesenteric artery.
What is Nutcracker Syndrome?
400
The most common cause for portal hypertension.
What is cirrhosis of the liver?
400
This feature can be adjusted on the machine to get the desired number of waveforms while reducing length and number of breath holds for the patient. It is especially useful for renal artery doppler exams.
What is sweep speed?
400
This measurement within the kidneys (native or transplant) should be <0.7.
What is resistive index (RI)?
500
This structure makes up the "right ear" of the portal triad. It is indicated by the long arrow in the picture below.
What is the common bile duct (CBD)?
500
Retrograde flow of the common hepatic artery suggests hemodynamically significant stenosis or occlusion of this vessel.
What is the celiac artery/axis?
500
This exam is indicated if a patient presents with abdominal pain and cramping associated with eating, significant unexplained weight loss, and unexplained gastrointestinal symptoms.
What is mesenteric and celiac artery exam?
500
This vessel is the only one of its system to consistently require angle correct.
What is the portal vein?
500
This system is important to evaluate both fasting and post-prandially.
What is the Mesenteric System?