RF
This receives the most amount of heat during RF.
What is the blood pool?
PFA is tissue selective because cardiac cells have the lowest threshold for this
What is electroporation?
What is extracellular ice formation?
This connects to the ablation catheter to create the energy needed for ablation
What is the generator?
Heating the blood pool too much results in this.
What is coagulum formation?
This is the type of heating that occurs at the tissue/catheter interface.
What is resistive heating?
Cell death in PFA is caused by this
What is irreversible electroporation?
This occurs in response to the coldest temperatures of cryoablation
What is intracellular ice formation?
In unipolar RF, this receives all of the ablation energy to send it back to the generator
What is the grounding pad (dispersive electrode)?
This occurs when the heart tissue superheats.
What is a steam pop?
The movement of this generates the heat for RF.
What is ions (friction)?
Compared to RF and Cryo, PFA is considered this
What is nonthermal?
This is the first step of cryoablation.
What is cryomapping?
In sandwich RF, the energy goes from an ablation catheter electrode to the tissue, and then to this
What is an electrode on a second catheter?
What is the posterior wall?
This has the highest amount of damage in RF cases.
What is below the surface of the tissue?
PFA is preferred in AFib cases because it generally doesn't cause this
What is atrioesophageal fistula?
This is the second step of cryoablation and causes an irreversible lesion.
What is the cryoablation step?
If an RF circuit does not end in the energy going back to the generator, it will go here
This can be a cause for kidney damage in PFA cases.
What is hemolysis?
This is the most common form of catheter cooling design.
What is open irrigation cooling?
This would result in the highest thermal effect of PFA
What is high pulse duration and high energy (field strength)?
Cryo is preferred in certain AVNRT cases because of this.
The highest current density is seen here.
What is the ablation electrode?
This can mimic an MI during a PFA case
What is Coronary spasms?