KUPFERSTEIN (2018)
Differences in this receptor system may impact how autistic individuals experience seemingly harmless events
GABA
Largest category of established interventions for individuals diagnosed with ASD
ABA
ABA relies on these type of stimuli in the environment
EXTERNAL
These type of criticisms help a field self-evaluate and improve itself
VALID
Use of punishment and negative reinforcement, can be harmful to individuals immediately or long-term
Lovaas used this controversial intervention in his practice at UCLA
SHOCK
The author argues that this disorder results when autistic individuals are exposed to ABA treatment
PTSD
Including these individuals in the study may be problematic due to subjectivity and inconsistent criteria
SELF-DIAGNOSED
Results of these studies indicate that ABA is the gold standard for treating children with ASD
META ANALYSES
These strict ethical guidelines hold behavior analysts responsible to maximize benefit and minimize harm, teach skills that maximize independence, and practice within one’s scope of competence
BACB ETHICS CODE
ABA is unethical because it violates autistic children’s right to this
AUTONOMY
Many children in Lovaas’ Young Autism Project did not actually receive this many hours of weekly treatment
40
These individuals were recruited through social media networks, adult gatherings, social skills groups, and autism support groups
PARTICIPANTS
Bias that can occur when research sets out to prove or disprove a hypothesis
HYPOTHESIS TESTING BIAS
Long-term damage caused by over prompting and inhibits independent functioning
Sandoval-Norton and colleagues cited this study as evidence that ABA results in prompt-dependency; however, its participants were deaf-blind and not diagnosed with ASD
GIANGRECO ET AL., 1997
This kyriarchal “treatment” provides further evidence that ABA violates individuals’ autonomy
CONVERSION THERAPY
Contrary to popular belief, Lovaas ABA advised not to adhere to these at the expense of effectiveness
PROTOCOLS
Disproportionate number of these respondents, compared to the proportion of males diagnosed with ASD
FEMALE
ABA interventions described in Kupferstein lacked specific characteristics
AMBIGUITY
A lifetime of punishment and reward without understanding poses this danger
COMPLIANCE
Effective communication for individuals with ASD who are non-speaking or have limited speaking abilities
PECS
By setting mastery criteria based on these norms, ABA places undue burden on autistic children
Being indistinguishable from same age peers as the best outcome
RECOVERY
This group of respondents reported the highest rates and severity of PTSS upon initial exposure to ABA intervention
CAREGIVERS
Kupferstein used some version of this survey used to screen for PTSD, as a model for their survey instrument
PCL-5
Individuals with ASD have higher rates of these type of disorders compared to typically developing peers
ANXIETY
The United States Surgeon General, Association for Science in Autism Treatment, and the National Autism Center are organizations support ABA as this type of procedure
EVIDENCE-BASED
The authors suggest integrating the discussion of ABA for children with autism with this field
DISABILITY STUDIES
Interventionists must constantly assess environmental variables in-the-moment in this ABA approach
PROGRESSIVE