Chapter 1 - Abnormal Psychology
This is the scientific study of mental difficulties or disorders, including their causes, symptoms, assessment, diagnosis, and treatment.
What is psychopathology?
This type of study provides an in-depth examination of an individual group or situation and is especially useful in rare or unique conditions.
What is a case study?
This concept describes the drive to fulfill one’s full potential.
What is self-actualization?
A client is asked to keep a detailed record of their own behaviors and experiences over time rather than having a clinician observe them directly. What type of assessment is being used?
What is self-monitoring?
When determining whether behavior may be considered abnormal, clinicians may consider distress, dysfunction, deviance, and this fourth “D."
What is danger?
During this historical period, Hippocrates proposed that abnormal behavior was caused by an imbalance of four bodily fluids, including yellow bile, black bile, phlegm, and blood.
What are the Greek/Roman times?
This type of study examines the relationship between two or more variables, but cannot establish causation.
What is a correlational study?
This therapy focuses on self-awareness and experiential techniques and was developed by Fritz Perls.
What is the Gestalt Theory?
One concern about the DSM is that two different clinicians examining the same person may not always reach the same diagnosis. What problem with diagnosis does this illustrate?
What is a problem with reliabillity?
Id, ego, and superego
What are the 3 key structures of personality in the psychodynamic model?
Divorce, war, grief, homelessness, and job loss are examples of this factor that should be considered when evaluating behavior.
What is a situation?
This is the only type of study among the three discussed that can establish causation by manipulating a variable and observing its effects on another.
What is an experimental study?
This concept describes how multiple identities combine or overlap to shape someone’s experiences and opportunities.
What is intersectionality?
The WAIS-IV and WISC-IV are examples of these assessments, which can have high reliability and validity when properly standardized but may still be influenced by culture, motivation, or anxiety.
What are intelligence tests?
Another concern with diagnostic classification is that labels may negatively affect how people are viewed or treated by others. What potential consequence of diagnosis is being described?
What is labeling and stigma?
This approach to treating people with mental difficulties began rising during the 1700s and emphasized more humane treatment.
What is moral treatment?
Published in 1979, this document established three core ethical principles: respect for persons, beneficence, and justice.
What is the Belmont Report?
Explains psychological disorders through the interaction of genetic predispositions, early experiences, cognitive patterns, stressors, and social context.
What is developmental psychopathology?
Rather than directly examining the brain, these assessments look for possible brain damage by measuring cognitive, perceptual, or motor performance. What type of test is this?
What are neuropsychological tests?
A clinician uses a prepared set of questions with every client, increasing the consistency and reliability of the interview but potentially missing important personal details. What type of interview is this?
What is a structured interview?
This perspective focuses on biological or physical causes of abnormality, while this other perspective focuses on psychological causes.
What are the somatogenic and psychogenic perspectives?
This is the code of ethics for psychologists emphasizes maximizing benefits and minimizing harm, building trust, honesty, fairness, and respecting people's rights, privacy, and self determination.
What is the APA Code of Ethics?
This approach recognizes that clinicians can draw from multiple psychological models to create comprehensive and individualized treatment plans.
What is the biopsychosocial approach?
Tests such as the Beck Depression Inventory focus on specific areas of psychological functioning, such as affective or cognitive functioning, rather than broad personality traits. What type of assessment is being described?
What is response inventory?
A patient in the early 1900s might have received psychotherapy, hypnotism, or even a lobotomy. These treatments demonstrate the emergence of what major distinction in treatment?
What is the distinction between medical and psychological treatments?