Brain Damage
visual impairments and visual association deficits
Occipital lobe
A persistent pattern of difficulties that include sustained attention and/or impulsiveness and excessive or exaggerated motor activity
ADHD
A 66-year-old woman experiences extremely rapid cognitive decline over five months. She develops myoclonus, gait disturbance, and profound confusion.
Major Neurocognitive Disorder due to Prion Disease
apathy or emotional blunting
Among children, the most commonly diagnosed disorders are __________.
anxiety disorders
Interrupts memory storage; could impact eating, sexuality, and emotion
Temporal lobe
In order of diagnosis, __________ occurs before antisocial personality disorder just as __________ occurs before conduct disorder
conduct disorder; oppositional defiant disorder
A 78-year-old woman has a slow, steady decline in memory over six years. She repeats questions, gets lost in familiar places, and needs help managing medications. MRI shows marked medial temporal atrophy
Major neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's Disease
inability to recall events that happened right before a head injury
retrograde amnesia
A 72-year-old man is asked to sort cards by color, and then by shape when instructed. He struggles to shift strategies, becomes frustrated, and perseverates on the previous rule even after correction. Which cognitive domain is MOST impaired?
Executive Function
somaesthetic and motor discrimination and functions
parietal lobe
__________ is a neurodevelopmental disorder that involves a wide range of problematic behaviors, including deficits in language and perceptual and motor development; defective reality testing; and impairments in social communication
Autism spectrum disorder
Suddenly, Leticia is unable to remember what she was doing. She screams that bugs are crawling all over the walls. She begins to wildly swing her arms around. She can’t fall asleep at night, but finally falls asleep at daylight. Leticia is most likely experiencing
delirium
A genetic predisposition leads to a low IQ and difficult temperament, which leads to poor parenting and an insecure attachment, which leads to conduct disorder
Self-perpetuating cycle in conduct disorder
What two childhood disorders are characterized by aggressive or antisocial behavior?
Oppositional defiant and conduct disorders
impacts personality, impulsiveness, distractibility
Frontal lobe
delays in cognitive development in the areas of language, speech, mathematical, or motor skills
Learning disabilities
Hank is 73 years old. His daughter notes his failing memory and tells the doctor she thinks he has Alzheimer’s. The doctor notes Hank’s depressed mood and unsteadiness on his feet, and diagnoses Hank with __________.
Vascular dementia
A parroting exchange often observed with children with autism spectrum disorder
echolalia
A 68-year-old woman becomes confused when driving in familiar areas and has difficulty coordinating simple tasks such as using tools, navigating a grocery store, and copying a simple drawing. Her attention is intact, and she remembers conversations clearly. Which cognitive domain is MOST likely impaired?
Perceptual-Motor Function
Impairment of visual-motor coordination
Right parietal lobe
deficits in intellectual and adaptive functioning in conceptual, social, and practical domains as confirmed with clinical assessment and standardized testing
Intellectual developmental disorder (intellectual disability)
A patient presents with significant executive dysfunction, slowed processing speed, and mild memory impairment. Symptoms appeared shortly after a hypertensive crisis.
Major neurocognitive disorder due to vascular disease
Shortly after birth, David’s head began to grow. A shunt was placed in his skull to drain fluid. He has seizures, trouble seeing, and mild intellectual deficits. David’s most likely diagnosis is __________.
hydrocephaly
a vocal tic involving the yelling of obscenities
Coprolalia