Absolute Monarchs
Although not a monarch, this military dictator ruled England as "Lord Protector"
Oliver Cromwell
Bloodiest war in Europe; ended religious wars; protestants defeated Catholics with help of France.
30 Years' War
Isaac Newton
Believed people could learn to govern themselves and believed in natural rights.
John Locke
Thanks to the efforts of her dad, Charles IV, this female Hapsburg monarch had absolute reign over the Austrian Empire.
Maria Theresa
1st absolutist Tsar; craved new territory to establish a seaport; westernized Russia
Peter I (Peter the Great)
France lost a lot of territory in America and India to England.
Seven Years' War
Invented the empirical method based on experiments and observations.
Francis Bacon
Believed people are selfish, and that an absolute monarchy was best form of government.
Thomas Hobbes
This revolution succeeded when James II abdicated his throne and fled England.
Glorious Revolution
Protestant couple that came to power in the Glorious Revolution
William and Mary
England, Austria, Dutch Republic, Portugal, and several Germanic and Italian States fought this in order to prevent the Bourbon rulers from uniting Spain and France.
War of the Spanish Succession
Copernicus' sun-centered theory
heliocentric theory
Advocated for the separation of powers in government.
Baron de Montesquieu
Name 2 steps Peter the Great took to westernize Russia.
introduce potatoes, start Russia's first newspaper, raised the status of women, forced nobles to adopt western fashion, opened schools
First Russian ruler to use the title "czar"
Ivan IV (the Terrible)
Fredrick the Great of Prussia vs. Maria Theresa of Austria for Silesia.
War of Austrian Succession
Because he defended Copernicus and Ptolemy in his writings, the pope had him tried, forced him to sign a confession, and place him under house arrest for life.
Galileo Galilei
Ended serfdom in Austria and supported freedom to worship
Joseph II
In the first of many events leading to the English Civil War, Charles I offended protestants by...
forcing Presbyterian Scots to adopt the Anglican Prayer Book
___ the Great was ruler of Prussia and enemy of the Austrian Empire.
Frederick II
This event sparked the 30 years war.
Bohemian Protestants Revolt
Discovered that cow pox could be effectively used to inoculate people against small pox.
Edward Jenner
Only female "enlightened despot"
Catherine II (the Great)
Thought direct democracy was the only government with free citizens.
Jean Jacques Rousseau