Absolutism in England
Who was Henry VIII? What impact did he have on English society?
King of England
English Reformation (Established the Church of England)
Six Wives, goal to have male heir
Why was King Louis XIV called "The Sun King"?
Firmly believed in Divine Right, believed he was the center of his nation.
What are Hobbes & Locke's views on the State of Nature?
Hobbes: Humans will be in a constant state of war.
Locke: Humans will be kind to one another, no conflict.
What are the natural rights of people according to John Locke?
Life, Liberty, & Property
Define "Absolutism".
Government ruled by a king or queen (monarch). The monarch holds absolute and unlimited power over the country.
Explain how the Glorious Revolution changed the English monarchy.
Established English Bill of Rights (William and Mary had to accept, ensured superiority of Parliament).
Created a limited monarchy.
How does the Palace of Versailles connect to absolutism?
Symbol of wealth and power, every detail was to glorify the king.
Demonstrated the strength of the French monarchy to other European nations.
What were the beliefs of Mary Wollstonecraft?
Proponent of women’s rights.
The power that men have over women is arbitrary.
What is the "State of Nature"?
Condition of human beings being before or without political association.
Define "Enlightenment".
18th century philosophical movement, inspired by the Scientific Revolution.
An era in which scientists, writers, philosophers and artists sought to ‘enlighten’ or free people from ignorance, combat superstition and end tyranny.
What was Mary Tudor's goal when she gained the English throne? How did she attempt to accomplish it?
Devout Catholic, goal was to return England to the Roman Catholic Church.
Had 300 protestants arrested and executed for their religious beliefs. Was not well liked by the English public.
What territory was Charles V the monarch of?
The Holy Roman Empire.
What were Adam Smith's beliefs concerning the economy and the role of the government?
Economy: Laissez-faire (no gov't interference)
Government: Protect against invasions and injustices, provide for public works
What is "Tabula-Rasa"?
Everyone is born as a blank slate, no one is given power over another individual. Goes against the divine right to rule.
Define "Divine Right to Rule"?
Authority to rule has been directly given from God.
What was the religious policy in England under Elizabeth Tudor?
The Church of England (Anglican Church) became the permanent form of Protestantism in England.
Attempted to find middle ground between Catholics and Protestants
She orchestrated a coup to overthrown her husband, Peter III.
What were Montesquieu's beliefs concerning government?
Separation of Powers: Government split into specific branches, different jobs.
Checks & Balances: Powers given to one branch to "check" another.
What is the Social Contract? Which philosophers supported the idea of the Social Contract?
The concept that an entire society agrees to be governed by its general will and individuals should be forced to abide.
Rousseau, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke.
Define "Parliament".
An assembly of the representatives of a political nation or people, often the supreme legislative authority.
Why was there a strained relationship between Mary Queen of Scots and Elizabeth?
Religion - Elizabeth (Protestant), Mary (Catholic)
Mary had a claim to the English throne, threatened Elizabeth. Mary's marriage to the Earl of Bothwell.
What were Frederick the Great's contributions to Prussia?
Began 7 Year's War - Prussia remained strong in territory.
Strengthened Prussia's economy.
Doubled size of Prussian army.
Expanded the arts.
Which Enlightenment philosopher was involved with the creation of the encyclopedia? What was the goal of the encyclopedia?
Diderot.
Spread Enlightenment ideas, "change general way of thinking"
How does the Glorious Revolution connect to the Enlightenment?
- Limited Monarchy
- English Bill of Rights
Define "Deism".
Belief in the existence of a supreme being, specifically of a creator who does not intervene in the universe.