Absolutism in England
King of England (1509-1547)
English Reformation
Six Wives, goal to have male heir
What are Hobbes & Locke's views on the State of Nature?
Hobbes: Humans will be in a constant state of war.
Locke: Humans will be kind to one another, no conflict.
Why was King Louis XIV called "The Sun King"?
Firmly believed in Divine Right, believed he was the center of his nation.
What is "Tabula-Rasa"?
Everyone is born as a blank slate, no one is given power over another individual. Goes against the divine right to rule.
Define Absolutism.
Government ruled by a king or queen (monarch). The monarch holds absolute and unlimited power over the country.
What was Mary Tudor's goal when she gained the English throne? How did she attempt to accomplish it?
Devout Catholic, goal was to return England to the Roman Catholic Church.
Had 300 protestants arrested and executed for their religious beliefs. Was not well liked by the English public.
What were the beliefs of Mary Wollstonecraft?
The power that men have over women is arbitrary.
Proponent of women’s rights.
How does the Palace of Versailles connect to absolutism?
Symbol of wealth and power, every detail was to glorify the king.
Demonstrated the strength of the French monarchy to other European nations.
What are the natural rights of people according to John Locke?
Life, Liberty, & Property.
Define Divine Right to Rule
Authority to rule has been directly given from God.
What was the religious policy in England under Elizabeth Tudor?
The Church of England (Anglican Church) became the permanent form of Protestantism in England.
Services were to be given in English, Catholic mass was abolished
Attempted to find middle ground between Catholics and Protestants
What were Adam Smith's beliefs concerning the economy and the role of the government?
Economy: Laissez-faire (no gov't interference)
Government: Protect against invasions and crimes, provide for public works
How did Catherine the Great come to rule Russia?
She orchestrated a coup to overthrown her husband, Peter III.
What is the "State of Nature"?
Condition of human beings being before or without political association.
Define Parliament.
An assembly of the representatives of a political nation or people, often the supreme legislative authority.
Why was there a strained relationship between Mary Queen of Scots and Elizabeth?
Religion - Elizabeth (Protestant), Mary (Catholic)
Mary had a claim to the English throne, threatened Elizabeth.
Mary's marriage to the Earl of Bothwell.
What were Montesquieu's beliefs concerning government?
Separation of Powers: Government split into specific branches, different jobs.
Checks & Balances: Powers given to one branch to "check" another.
Why did Charles V divide the Hapsburg empire?
He deemed that it was too large to be ruled by one individual.
What is the Social Contract? Which philosophers supported the idea of the Social Contract?
The concept that an entire society agrees to be governed by its general will and individuals should be forced to abide.
Rousseau, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke.
Define Enlightenment
18th century philosophical movement, inspired by the Scientific Revolution.
An era in which scientists, writers, philosophers and artists sought to ‘enlighten’ or free people from ignorance, combat superstition and end tyranny.
Explain how the Glorious Revolution changed the English monarchy.
Established English Bill of Rights (William and Mary had to accept, ensured superiority of Parliament).
Created a limited monarchy.
Which Enlightenment philosopher was involved with the creation of the encyclopedia? What was the goal of the encyclopedia?
Diderot.
Spread Enlightenment ideas, "change general way of thinking"
What impact did Frederick the Great have on Prussia?
Expanded Prussian territory.
Strengthened and expanded Prussian military.
Supported the arts.
How did the Enlightenment influence the American Declaration of Independence?
Natural Rights, Social Contract
Belief in the existence of a supreme being, specifically of a creator who does not intervene in the universe.