Exam 1
Airborne disease which spreads via tiny droplets that can remain suspended in air. Requires airborne isolation with an N95 and negative-pressure room.
Tuberculosis
Life-threatening reaction that occurs during a blood transfusion, most often caused by clinical errors. Presents within the first 15 minutes. Requires the nurse to stop the transfusion, keep IV open with normal saline and notify provider and blood bank.
Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction
This acid-base disorder is caused by conditions such as DKA, severe diarrhea, renal failure and shock. It presents with low pH, low HCO3- and kussmaul respirations.
Metabolic acidosis
This complication of prolonged bedrest leads to collapsed alveoli, increases pneumonia risk and is prevented with hourly incentive spirometry and adequate hydration.
Atelectasis
This lesion is common in older adults with chronic sun exposure. It appears as an irregular flat, erythematous patch with a hard scale. It can progress to cancerous.
Actinic keratosis
The most common croup syndrome in 6 month to 3 year olds. This illness is usually viral, has a "seal-like" cough, low grade fever and may be treated with humidified mist, nebulized epinephrine, steroids and close monitoring for increasing work of breathing.
Acute laryngotracheobronchitis?
In this coagulation disorder, patients show a prolonged PTT, normal PT and normal platelets. Bleeding often occurs in joints, soft tissues and after minor injuries.
Hemophilia A or B
This can cause ventricular dysrhythmias, abdominal cramping and muscle weakness. It is caused by renal failure, acidosis, tissue destruction, salt substitutes or potassium-sparing meds.
Hyperkalemia
This emergency is identified by the 6 P's and is not relieved by opioids. It is important not to elevate the limb and notify the provider immediately.
Compartment syndrome
This arises from the melanocytes, is strongly linked to sun exposure and can metastasize to any organ.
Melanoma
This illness causes a pink maculopapular rash that moves from face to body and is usually mild for children, but has serious teratogenic effects if acquired during pregnancy.
Rubella
This results from atherosclerotic narrowing, causes intermittent claudication, cool shiny skin, diminished pulses and ulcers on bony prominences.
Peripheral artery disease (PAD)
This is most common in Type 1 diabetes and is triggered by illness or inadequate insulin. Presents with metabolic acidosis, dehydration, and Kussmaul respirations.
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
This type of stroke is often related to activity, presents with sudden onset symptoms and caused by hypertension.
Intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke
This is highly contagious, often caused by Staphylococcus aureus or group A strep. It presents with pruritic vesiculopustules and honey-colored crust. Treatment includes warm soaks, crust removal and topical mupirocin.
Impetigo
Childhood viral infection that causes swelling of the parotid glands with earache that worsens with chewing. It is spread by saliva droplets and can lead to orchitis/oophoritis.
Mumps
This dysrhythmia shows a heart rate of 150-220 bbm, has hidden P waves and can lead to decreased cardiac output.
Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSCT/SVT)
This is mostly seen in older adults with Type 2 diabetes. Presents with extreme hyperglycemia, severe dehydration, high serum osmolality but no significant ketosis.
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome (HHS)
These are the most common type of stone, associated with hyperparathyroidism and hypercalcemia and patients should increase hydration to 3L/day.
Calcium oxalate stones
This is caused by mites that burrow into the stratum corneum producing intense nocturnal itching. It requires treatment of all close contacts with 5% permethrin and washing linens at greater than 130 degrees F.
Scabies
After surgery for this condition, patients need to avoid red or brown fluids, avoid coughing and nose blowing. Nurses need to watch for frequent swallowing.
Tonsillectomy
This condition occurs when the left ventricle cannot pump effectively which causes pulmonary congestion, dyspnea, orthopnea, crackles and sometimes frothy pink sputum. Ejection fraction is typically <40%.
Left-sided systolic heart failure (HFrEF)
This presents with symptoms of photopsia, floaters and vision loss of "a curtain coming down". It can quickly lead to blindness.
Retinal detachment
This is characterized by epigastric pain relieved by eating and is often linked to H. pylori infection.
Duodenal ulcer
This causes rapid epidermal turnover producing well-demarcated silvery scaling plaques on a red base, commonly on elbows, knees and scalp. It is managed with topical steroids, immunomodulators and UVB therapy.
Psoriasis