Thermodynamics
Which law introduces the concept of energy conservation?
What is First Law of Thermodynamics
What unit operation is used to transfer heat between two fluids?
Heat exchanger
What term accounts for material stored within a system?
What is accumulation?
What are the three most common process variables?
Temperature, pressure, and flow rate
What is a chemical reaction rate?
What is the change in concentration per unit time
What property measures the degree of disorder in a system
What is Entropy
What property difference is exploited in distillation?
What is Volatility (boiling point)?
General material balance equation.
What is Input − Output + Generation − Consumption = Accumulation?
Which process variable most directly affects reaction rate?
Temperature
What is reaction order?
Power dependence of rate on concentration
What is the total heat content of a system (H = U + PV)
What is enthalpy?
What is the main purpose of a unit operation in a chemical process?
To bring about a physical change or separation
Why is a recycle stream used in a process?
To improve conversion or recover unreacted material
Why is it important to control process variables?
To keep the process safe and stable
What does a catalyst do?
Increases reaction rate without being consumed
What does a negative Gibbs free energy change indicate?
What is a spontaneous process
Why does increasing surface area improve heat or mass transfer?
It increases the rate of transfer between phases
What does “in = out” imply about a process?
The process is at steady state
Why are process variables often measured indirectly rather than directly?
Direct measurement may be impractical, unsafe, or expensive
Which reactor operates at steady state with continuous flow?
What is CSTR or PFR
For an ideal gas, which thermodynamic properties depend only on temperature?
What are internal energy and enthalpy?
Why is counter-current flow preferred over co-current flow in heat exchangers?
It provides a higher average temperature driving force
In a steady-state process with reaction, which balance term is non-zero?
Generation/consumption
Which variable determines residence time in a continuous reactor?
Flow rate
Why does temperature strongly affect reaction rate?
Higher temperature increases molecular collisions and energy