Ions
Electron
Negatively charged particles that around found in shells around the outside of the atom
Proton
Positively charged particles in the nucleus of an atom
Reactants
Substances at the start of a reaction that collide together to make products
Surface Area
How many particles are exposed to collisions - powders have high surface area
Neutralization
When an acid and base react and cancel out to a neutral pH
Hydrochloric acid
HCl - strong acid that turns indicator red
Electron Configuration
Order of electrons arranged in shells: 2, 8, 8 etc
Valence shell
Outermost shell of electrons around and atom or ion
Products
Substances made at the end of the reaction
Concentration
Increases rate of reaction by increasing frequency of collisions (more likely to collide in a "crowded" space)
Calcium Oxide + Hydrochloric Acid
Calcium chloride + Water
Universal Indicator
Solution added to a substance to determine its likely pH - red in acids, blue/purple in bases, green in neutral
Cation
Positively charged ion - an atom that has lost electrons and how has more protons than electrons
Atom
An uncharged particle made of electrons, protons, and neutrons
Successful Collision
When two particles collide with enough energy and in the correct orientation
Heat
Increases rate of reaction by increasing kinetic energy of particles AND frequency of collisions
Sodium Hydroxide + Nitric acid
Sodium nitrate + Water
Acid
Donate lots of H+ ions, turn indicator red, pH 1-6
Anion
Negatively charged ion - an atom that has gained extra electrons and now has more electrons than protons
Electron transfer
Movement of electrons from cations to anions
Collision Theory
States that for a reaction to occur particles must collide with enough energy and in the correct orientation
Activation energy
Amount of kinetic energy particles must collide with for a reaction to successfully occur
Magnesium carbonate + Sulfuric acid
Magnesium sulfate + Water + Carbon dioxide
Base
Donate lots of OH- ions, turn indicator blue/purple, pH 8 - 14
Ionic compound
A compound made of anions and cations bonded together, this has NO overall charge
Electrostatic force
Positive charges are attracted to negative charges
Rate of Reaction
How many successful collisions occur per second - measured by disappearance of reactants or appearance of products per second
Catalyst
Added to a reaction to speed up the rate of reaction but does not get used up in the reaction.
Polyatomic Ion
Ions that contain two or more different atoms within them - these require brackets around them if you want to indicate there are more than one of them in a compound
Neutral
Equal amounts of H+ and OH- ions (forms water), pH 7, green