Acids
Acids typically have this pH range on the pH scale
<7
Bases typically have this pH range on the pH scale
>7
According to the Arrhenious theory of acids and bases, an acid dissociates in aqueous solutions to produce this ion
H+ or H3O+
This type of reaction occurs when an acid and a base react to form water and a salt. In everyday language, it can be defined as making something harmless.
Neutralization
This naturally occurring acid is found in citrus fruits such as lemons and gives them their sour taste. It is also commonly used as a preservative in soft drinks and candy
Citric Acid
This strong binary acid, also known as muriatic acid, is found in your stomach, and is commonly used in household cleaning and adjusting the pH of pools
Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)
This weak base, commonly found in household cleaners, is produced by the human body and converted to urea for excretion through urine. It is also the reason for why all the fish I've ever owned have died.
Ammonia (NH3)
According to the Arrhenious theory of acids and bases, a base dissociates in aqueous solutions to produce this ion
OH-
This laboratory technique is used to determine the unknown concentration of an acid or base by slowly adding a solution of known concentration. A color change, often caused by an indicator like phenolphthalein, signals when the reaction has reached the equivalence point.
Titration
This common kitchen ingredient, also known as sodium bicarbonate, acts as a weak base and is often used in baking to help dough rise by releasing carbon dioxide when it reacts with acids
Baking Soda
This strong diprotic acid contains sulfur and is one of the most widely produced chemicals in the world, used in manufacturing fertilizers, refining petroleum, and producing explosives
Hydrosulfuric Acid (H2SO4)
Most strong bases are typically formed from a bond between hydroxide (OH-) and the elements in these two groups of the periodic table
Group 1 and Group 2
According to the Bronsted Lowry definition of acids and bases, acids are proton ____________ while bases are proton ___________
Donors, acceptors
This term refers to something that protects or softens the effect of a change, but in chemistry it describes a solution that resists changes in pH when small amounts of acid or base are added
Buffer
This environmental phenomenon occurs when sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) react with water in the atmosphere, forming precipitation with a low pH that can damage ecosystems, buildings, and aquatic life
Acid Rain
The bond between this binary acid is the longest and weakest of the hydrogen halides due to the large atomic radius of the atom with the partial negative charge, making it easier to break and fully dissociate.
Hydroiodic Acid (HI)
This term is used to describe a specific type of base — one that is soluble in water and produces hydroxide (OH-) ions. For this reason, it is often synonymous with the word "basic".
Alkaline
This term is used to describe a substance that can act as both an acid and a base, depending on the reaction
Amphoteric
In this type of acid-base reaction, whose etymology is derived from the Greeks, the conjugate base of a weak acid reacts with water to produce hydroxide ions (OH⁻), increasing the solution’s pH. A biological example of this process is the breakdown of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) into ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and phosphate, which releases energy for cellular functions.
Hydrolysis
This simple test uses a special type of treated paper to determine whether a substance is acidic or basic, turning red in acidic solutions and blue in basic solutions
Litmus Paper Test
This group of acids contain hydrogen bonded to a central atom along with additional electronegative atoms. Their acidity increases when more of these electronegative atoms are present, as they help stabilize the conjugate base by drawing electron density away from the acidic hydrogen.
Oxyacids
This strong base, commonly known as caustic soda or lye, is widely used in drain cleaners, the paper industry, and in the synthesis of soap through a process called saponification.
Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)
This theory of acids and bases expanded on the Arrhenious and Bronsted Lowry models by defining certain substances as electron pair acceptors and others as electron pair donors, allowing for a broader range of chemical reactions to be classified under its framework
Lewis Theory
This system in the body maintains blood pH balance through a reversible reaction involving a weak acid and its conjugate base. It is directly linked to respiration, where increased carbon dioxide levels drive the formation of an acid, while its exhalation shifts equilibrium to produce more of its conjugate base.
Bicarbonate Buffer System
This polymeric macromolecule has an overall negative charge due to the presence of phosphate groups, giving it acidic properties. It was first isolated from pus-soaked bandages in 1869 by Friedrich Miescher, who initially called it “nuclein.”
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)