HISTORY OF HYPNOSIS
This is what psychology was first believed to be in the 1900s.
What is witchcraft and possession?
This is the definition of involuntary.
What is done without conscious will?
Some participants in the group lectured with preconceived notions regarding a behavior in hypnosis exhibited the behavior in this manner.
What is a spontaneous manner?
This is what Spanos was trying to prove.
What is that hypnosis isn’t an altered state of consciousness and is instead a motivated, goal-directed social behavior?
Researcher who helped normalize psychology and practiced hypnotization in the 18th century.
Who is Franz Anton Mesmer?
This is the research method Spanos used to test his claim that participants only thought that hypnosis was involuntary.
What is experiment?
According to Spasnos, the participants who participate in both conditions expect hypnosis to produce more of this compared to not hypnotized imagination.
What is intense imagery?
This is what Spanos was NOT trying to prove.
What is that hypnosis isn’t real?
Researcher in the 1900s that argued against Hilgard’s claim.
Who is Nicholas Spanos?
This is how two experimental groups differed each other in Spanos’ experiment.
What is being told suggestions versus direct instructions?
Hilgard believed that the part of the person’s consciousness that is experiencing the pain is hidden from awareness by this.
What is amnesiac barrier?
The data in the cold pressor test shows this.
What shows the participants' ratings are a result of expectations?
Ernest Hilgard believed that hypnosis was this.
What is an altered state of consciousness and psychological state?
This is the results of Spanos’ experiment.
What is the group given suggestions more likely to report involuntary behavior?
This is the results of Spanos’ experiment regarding expectations.
What is both hypnotized and not hypnotized groups reporting about the same ratings of intensity.
This is what the percentages of the data during the cold pressor test means.
What is that participants aware of the hypnosis behavior recalled over 90% pain intensity while awake and only about 25% while under hypnosis whereas participants unaware recalled about 50% pain intensity both awake and under hypnosis?
These are believed characteristics of hypnosis.
What is an altered state of consciousness and psychological state?
Some people may be more susceptible to hypnosis because of this.
What is being easily susceptible to being highly absorbed in something, leading to a belief that actions were involuntary.
Participants that expected the hypnosis condition to follow the waking trials rated the analgesia effect lower in order to do this.
What is to leave room for improvement under hypnosis?
Spanos’ research has been cited to support these arguments.
What are arguments questioning therapeutic practices using hypnosis?