Action Potentials
What is the charge of sodium and potassium ions?
Both sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) ions are POSITIVE
Of the four major regions, what is the largest region of the brain?
Cerebrum
Which sense involves your skin?
Touch
How many lobes does the cerebral cortex have?
Four (4): frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
What are the four stages of an action potential IN ORDER?
1. Resting Potential
2. Depolarization
3. Repolarization
4. Hyperpolarization (Refractory Period)
What is one function of the frontal lobe?
Executive functions (planning, decision-making), emotional control, personality, movement
What is the process of converting stimuli into electrical signals called?
Transduction
Anosmia
What is the difference between a concentration gradient and a membrane potential?
Concentration gradient = difference in CONCENTRATION (number of ions)
Membrane potential = difference in CHARGE
What are the three major parts of the brain stem from BOTTOM to TOP?
1. Medulla oblongata
2. Pons
3. Midbrain
Give one example of exteroception and one example of interoception.
Exteroception: smell, taste, hearing, touch, sight, balance
Interoception: body position, pain, temperature, hunger, thirst, oxygen levels, heartbeat
What is the difference between myopia and hyperopia?
Myopia = nearsightedness (can't see far)
Hyperopia = farsightedness (can't see near)
What does the sodium-potassium pump do? (You must mention ATP, Na+, and K+ in your answer.)
Using 1 ATP, it pumps 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in to restore equilibrium during the refractory period
Which major brain region is the thalamus located within? What is the function of the thalamus?
The thalamus is located in the diencephalon; it sorts and directs data in the cerebrum
Gustatory cortex
During which action potential stage are potassium voltage-gated channels opened?
Repolarization (K+ moving out)
What is the membrane potential during resting potential in mV? What about after depolarization?
Resting potential = -70 mV
Depolarization = +30 mV
Give one example of a profession that likely requires a highly-developed cerebellum. Briefly explain your reasoning.
Athletes, instrumentalists, artists, surgeons — any profession that emphasizes muscle coordination
What are the names of the three ossicles of the middle ear?
Malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), stapes (stirrup)
What is the functional difference between Broca's area and Wernicke's area?
Broca's = speech PRODUCTION (movement)
Wernicke's = speech COMPREHENSION (understanding)