Basics
What is Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)?
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a life long neurodevelopmental disorder.
ADHD is known to impact the individual in many aspects of their life including academic and professional achievements, interpersonal relationships, and daily functioning (Harpin, 2005).
True or False: If a child presents with ADHD symptoms, they definitely have ADHD.
False. Sometimes the symptoms of ADHD can be similar to those of other disorders such as: anxiety, depression, or learning disorders. It is important to distinguish the history of symptoms and onset to ensure accurate diagnosis.
True or False: ADHD only occurs in childhood
False. ADHD is often diagnosed in childhood, but continues into adulthood
What are some treatments for ADHD?
Medication and behavioural therapy.
What are some core symptoms of ADHD in a child?
Difficulty focusing, considerable daydreaming, forgetfulness, squirming or fidgeting, excessive talking, unnecessary risk taking, impatience, difficulty socializing
What does 'neurodevelopment' mean?
Neurodevelopment means, "the way the brain grows and develops ".
There is evidence of anatomical differences in the brains of children with ADHD in comparison to other children without the condition.
True or False: The presentation of ADHD in a child will remain the same.
False. Symptoms can change over time. It is important to continually reassess and monitor symptom presentation.
What are medication options for ADHD?
Stimulants and Non-stimulants.
Stimulants are widely used, 70-80% of children respond positively to these.
Non-stimulants have fewer side effects than stimulants and can last up to 24 hours.
What are core symptoms of Predominantly Inattentive type of ADHD?
Difficulty with: organizing or finishing a task, paying attention to details, following instructions or conversations
Easily: distracted or forgets details of daily routines, doesn't seem to listen when spoken to, avoids or dislikes tasks that require sustained mental effort
Define the 3 distinct symptoms of ADHD?
Hint: They are in the title of the diagnosis...
Hyperactivity refers to needing to move about constantly such as excessively fidgeting, tapping, or talking
Inattention refers to having difficulty staying on task, sustaining focus, and staying organized
Impulsivity refers to decisions or actions taken without thinking through the consequences
What are some potential risks associated with ADHD?
Several non-genetic factors have also been linked to the disorder such as low birth weight, premature birth, exposure to toxins (alcohol, smoking, lead, etc.) during pregnancy, and extreme stress during pregnancy.
True or False: Someone with an ADHD diagnosis will definitely need medication.
False. Although a combination of medication and behaviour therapy is often the best treatment, no single therapy is suitable for every individual. Careful monitoring, follow-up, and adjustment for symptom presentation are needed.
What are the core symptoms of Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive type of ADHD?
hyperactivity, sensation of restlessness, impatience, acting out
Fidgets with hands/feet, or squirms in seat
Not able to stay seated
Runs about or climbs where it is inappropriate.
Unable to play or do leisure activities quietly.
Always “on the go,” as if driven by a motor.
Talks too much.
Blurts out an answer before a question has been finished (for instance may finish people’s sentences, can’t wait to speak in conversations).
Has difficulty waiting for his or her turn, such as while waiting in line.
Interrupts or intrudes on others (for instance, cuts into conversations, games or activities, or starts using other people’s things without permission).
What is Walter Mischel known for?
Walter Mischel is known for creating what is called the Marshmallow Test.
The child comes in room, sits down, and is presented with a jumbo marshmallow in front of them. The child is given the options of eating right now, or if they wait a minute they will get 2 marshmallows to eat.
How would a child be diagnosed with ADHD?
The first step would be to ensure the cause of the behaviour is not the result of a sensory deficit (hearing/vision). A history of the child's behaviour will be examined, and presentation of symptoms.
What causes ADHD?
Exact cause of ADHD is unknown. Research shows that genetics play a key role in the development of ADHD.
What are some behavioral therapy treatment strategies for children with ADHD?
Offer options and choices
Rewarding child for accomplishing goals
Encourage talent to boost self-esteem
Clear expectations
Creatively hold accountable for expectations
Avoid distractions, especially while doing homework
Follow the same routine
What are the core symptoms of Combined type ADHD?
Equal presentation of Inattentive and Hyperactive-Impulsive type.
Difficulty with: organizing or finishing a task, paying attention to details, following instructions or conversations.
Easily: distracted or forgets details of daily routines
Fidgeting and talking, difficulty sitting for prolong period of time, hyperactivity, sensation of restlessness, impatience, acting out and unnecessary risk taking.
What is the purpose of the marshmallow test?
Marshmallow Test - Mischel 1974.
The test was developed to look at early symptoms of ADHD
It also looks at the development of self impulse control.
How many children are affected with ADHD?
ADHD affects between 8 to 12% of children globally.
What is the male to female ratio of ADHD?
3:1
This does not mean that boys are more likely to have ADHD. Boys tend to present with hyperactivity and other externalizing symptoms whereas girls tend to have inactivity.
What occurs if ADHD is not appropriately treated?
ADHD can lead to poor self-esteem and social function in children when not appropriately treated (Harpin et al., 2016).
How does predominantly inattentive ADHD & predominantly hyperactive-impulsive ADHD interfere with peer relationships?
Studies have shown that Predominantly inattentive ADHD may be perceived as shy or withdrawn by peers.
Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive can be seen as aggressive.
Other behavioral disorders may also exist alongside ADHD, causing greater relationship impairment with peers.