Adrenal glands, cortisol, HPA axis, aldosterone
The type of hormone that cortisol is classified as
What is a stress hormone?
The life-threatening emergency where an increased cortisol demand is unable to be met
What is adrenal crisis?
The percentage of the adrenal cortex that needs to be damaged before signs and symptoms of adrenal insufficiency typically appear
What is 90%?
The main reason that caution should be used when recommending NSAIDs or aspirin to patients with hyperadrenalism
What are peptic ulcers?
The time that dental surgery should be scheduled for patients with adrenal insufficiency
What is morning?
The two parts of an adrenal gland
What is the cortex and medulla?
The main cause of destruction of the adrenal cortex in primary adrenal insufficiency
The oral manifestation of primary adrenal insufficiency that does not occur with secondary or tertiary adrenal insufficiency
What is mucous membrane hyperpigmentation?
The main reason that patients with hyperadrenalism might have issues with implant placement
What is osteoporosis?
The local anesthetic that should be used at the end of dental surgical procedures for post-operative pain control
What is bupivacaine?
The two hormones that regulate the production and secretion of cortisol in the HPA axis
What is CRH (corticotrophin-releasing hormone) and ACTH (adrenocorticotrophic hormone)?
The main cause of tertiary adrenal insufficiency
What is chronic administration of corticosteroids?
The two main oral manifestations of secondary and tertiary adrenal insufficiency
What is delayed healing and increased risk of infection?
A possible reason why hypotension in a patient with adrenal insufficiency might be exacerbated during a dental appointment
What is blood and fluid loss?
The time that patients with adrenal insufficiency should take their normal daily dose of steroid for surgical procedures
What is within two hours of the procedure?
The four main factors that influence cortisol levels
What is circadian rhythm, diet, stress, and sleep patterns?
The two main groups of patients who are most at risk for an adrenal crisis
What are the elderly or weak patients with primary adrenal insufficiency?
The main cause of death during an adrenal crisis
What is circulatory collapse?
The class of drug that can reduce the blood levels of cortisol
What are barbiturates?
The two types of medications that should be discontinued at least 24 hours before dental surgery
What are inducers of cortisol metabolism and inhibitors of corticosteroid production?
The three main effects of aldosterone
What is sodium retention, water retention, and potassium excretion?
The four main effects of low cortisol levels
What is impaired metabolism of nutrients, hypotension, increased ACTH secretion, and low stress tolerance?
The term for the abnormal buildup of fat on the upper back and/or neck in hyperadrenalism
What is buffalo hump?
The four main things that may occur during a dental appointment that could increase the risk of an adrenal crisis
What are surgeries, general anesthesia, anxiety and stress, and inadequate pain control?
The three main reasons that a patient with primary adrenal insufficiency might need corticosteroid supplementation for a dental appointment
What is surgery, general anesthesia, and management of a dental infection?