Cell Signalling
A molecule that binds with receptor in target cells, serving as a chemical signal.
What is a ligand?
These hold energy in molecules via potential energy for a future reaction (like a ball at the bottom of the first hill, but near the top of a second, steeper hill)
What are (chemical) bonds?
This is the type of protein that most receptors are.
What is an integral protein?
This is what gets lowered with the presence of an enzyme, which allows biochemical reactions to speed up.
What is activation energy?
Plants, algae, & cyanobacteria.
What are organisms that can perform photosynthesis?
A small molecules that spread message after ligand binds to receptor.
What is a second messenger?
These are analogies of ADP + Pi, the products after ATP is used.
What is the "dead battery" or "unloaded spring" analogy?
A receptor type than involves an enzyme, or is an enzyme itself.
What is an enzyme-linked receptor?
The substance on which an enzyme acts, which binds to the active site of an enzyme.
What is a substrate?
Theoretically 38, but it generally ranges from around 30-32.
What is the amount of ATP produced per glucose molecule?
Bacterial signaling that senses density to then signal collective behavior (when “dense enough”).
What is quorum sensing?
These are the high energy bonds within ATP.
What are phosphoanhydride bonds? (aka bonds between phosphate groups)
A receptor that receives a signal from a ligand, and sends it to a protein subunit.
What is a G-protein-coupled receptor? (aka G-protein-linked receptor)
This describes enzymes as being specific to their substrate, but not exactly a premade lock and key.
What is induced fit?
A molecule that stores glucose to use during intense exercise or between meals.
What is glycogen?
The chain of events that happens after a ligand binds to a surface receptor (aka, only intracellular).
What is a signalling pathway? (not a signalling transduction... that includes extracellular activity!)
Something that has no need for homeostasis, so decay starts, such as in a deceased organism or melting ice.
What is high entropy?
A receptor type where a ligand acts as the key to a gate (gate = transport protein).
What is an ion channel-linked receptor? (aka a ligand-gated ion channel)
This enzyme takes a phosphate group from ATP to create a new molecule, usually involving a protein.
What is a kinase?
A process that requires ATP and NADPH, but doesn't require light.
What is the calvin cycle (aka light-independent reaction, aka dark reaction)?
The form of chemical signalling that directly sends specific molecules that fit through channel proteins (& doesn’t always need ligand).
What is signalling across gap junctions?
Exergonic reactions releases more of this than it uses, and endergonic reactions use more than it they release.
What is free energy, aka usable energy, (in terms of exergonic and endergonic reactions)?
These 2 properties of a ligand may allow it to pass through the plasma membrane to reach in intracellular receptor.
What are hydrophobicity and small size?
A molecule that binds at an allosteric site to reduce or prevent substrate from binding and/or reacting.
What is a noncompetitive inhibitor?
A molecule that shuttles electrons into mitochondria, but cannot pass through the mitochondrial membrane itself.
What is NADH?