The outermost covering of the earth existing in varying
thicknesses.
What is crust?
100
A line of volcanoes formed on the continental side of a subduction zone.
What is continental volcanic arc?
100
Igneous rock formed as lava rapidly solidifies when to the much cooler atmosphere or hydrosphere.
What is/are volcanic rocks?
100
Slower body waves which cause the deformation of rock in a perpendicular angle to its direction; these waves travel only through solid substances at ~3.5 km/sec (2.2 mi/sec).
What is/are S (secondary) waves?
100
Clast particles the size of table sugar crystals.
What is silt?
200
The continental shelf, slope, and rise.
What is continental margin?
200
A narrow area ~2,000-3,000m (~6,500-10,000ft) below sea level that begins to slope upwards from the abyssal plain towards the shore.
What is continental rise?
200
Naturally formed and hardened mixtures of one or more minerals, organic matter, or other natural substance.
What is/are rocks?
200
Family of igneous rock formed within divergent boundaries and hotspots.
What is basaltic rock?
200
Later phase of diagenesis in which low temperature recrystallization of minerals within the cemented rock alters its molecular structure into a new form of rock.
What is epigenesis?
300
A huge fracture caused by divergent plate boundaries.
What is rift?
300
Metamorphic rocks without any visible layers.
What is/are non-foliated metamorphic rocks?
300
Common sedimentary rock which is made from sand-sized particles of mostly quartz and feldspars.
What is sandstone?
300
The resistance of a fluid to flow freely.
What is viscosity?
300
Decaying organic matter.
What is humus?
400
Large expanses of oceanic crust extending from the converging plates as they move apart from each other.
What is abyssal plains?
400
The most common igneous plutonic rock; dominate rock found within the continental crust.
What is granite?
400
The process in which metamorphic rocks are created; must occur within the solid state of matter.
What is metamorphism?
400
A rearrangement of atoms within its mineral structure.
What is recrystallization?
400
Uppermost soil horizon containing the richest concentration of humus, living organisms, and nutrients for plant growth.
What is topsoil?
500
Gentle slope of the ocean floor reaching outwards from the shore to ~200m (650ft).
What is continental shelf?
500
Igneous rock formed from the cooling and crystalizing of magma trapped deep within the crust over long periods of time.
What is/are plutonic rocks?
500
Temperature-dependent metamorphism in which protolith is exposed to nearby magma causing recrystallization.
What is contact metamorphism?
500
Metamorphism requiring both heat and pressure for recrystallization of protolith.
What is regional metamorphism?
500
Individual particles of sediment classified according to size.