Resp & HEENT
How can glaucoma cause blindness?
Pressure on the optic nerve
Which nerves are capable of regeneration?
Myelinated nerves in the peripheral nervous system
Which bone cells are large and multinucleated and contain lysosomes filled with hydrolytic enzymes?
Osteoclasts
Which gland releases secretions that are important in thermoregulation and cooling of the body through evaporation?
Eccrine
A patient is having a spirometry measurement done and asks the healthcare professional to explain this test. What response by the professional is best?
To measure the volume and flow rate during forced expiration
Tremors at rest, rigidity, akinesia, and postural abnormalities are a result of the atrophy of neurons in which part of the brain?
Substantia nigra that produces dopamine
What anchors articular cartilage to the underlying bone?
Collagen fibers
Which skin lesion is mediated by the immunoglobulin E (IgE)-stimulated release of histamine, bradykinin, or kallikrein from mast cells?
Urticaria
Which type of pulmonary disease requires more force to expire a volume of air?
Obstructive
In which disorder are acetylcholine receptor antibodies (IgG antibodies) produced against acetylcholine receptors?
Myasthenia gravis
A patient has a bone density T score of -2.8. What diagnosis does the health care professional educate the patient on?
Osteoporosis
Lesions that usually have depressed centers with rolled borders and are frequently located on the face and neck characterize which malignancy?
Basal cell carcinoma
Which immunoglobulin (Ig) may contribute to the pathophysiologic characteristics of asthma?
IgE
Multiple sclerosis and Guillain-Barré syndrome are similar in that they both do what?
Result from demyelination by an immune reaction.
Which hormone exerts antiapoptotic effects on osteoblasts but proapoptotic effects on osteoclasts?
You assess a patient who has elevated lesions on the face that are waxy and yellowish. What condition do you discuss with the patient?
Seborrheic keratosis
A healthcare professional is educating a patient about asthma. The professional states that good control is necessary due to which pathophysiologic process?
Uncontrolled inflammation leads to increased bronchial hyperresponsiveness and eventual scarring.
Which would be considered a positive symptom of schizophrenia?
Auditory hallucinations
Bone death as a result of osteomyelitis is due to what?
Localized ischemia
Which leukocytes are elevated in atopic dermatitis?
Eosinophils
Bronchiolitis tends to occur during the first years of life and is most often caused by what type of infection?
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
A decrease in receptor binding for which neurotransmitter is found in individuals with depression?
Serotonin
What is a primary defect in osteoarthritis?
Stromelysin and acid metalloproteinase breakdown articular cartilage.
A child has been diagnosed with tinea corporis. Which lesion would the healthcare professional assess for in this condition?
Circular (round or oval) lesions with erythema and scaling patches
What term is the condition that results from pulmonary hypertension, creating chronic pressure overload in the right ventricle?
Cor pulmonale
A healthcare professional advises a pregnant woman to add supplements of which nutrient to her diet to prevent birth defects?
Folate
A patient has ankylosing spondylitis. Describe this condition.
Chronic inflammatory disease with stiffening and fusion of the spine and sacroiliac joints
Which gastric cells secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor?
Which statement accurately describes asthma?
An obstructive airway disease characterized by reversible airflow obstruction, bronchial hyperreactivity, and inflammation
ADD/ADHD involves which of the following neurotransmitters in its pathophysiology?
Dopamine and norepinephrine
Which of the following is most consistent with suspicion for degenerative osteoarthritis?
Unilateral or Bilateral large joint involvement, pain worse upon wake and at bedtime
Exposure to which substance protects the mucosal barrier of the stomach?
A 7 year-old-child presents to the clinic where parents report signs and symptoms consistent with asthma. What does the healthcare professional do in order to confirm this diagnosis?
Measure expiratory flow rate with spirometry testing
This structure is composed of nerve roots from the conusmedullaris and is commonly referred to as a “horse tail”
Cauda equina
Which of the following is the most likely core defect of lumbar radiculopathy?
Nerve root impingement secondary to disc herniation and/or spondylosis
By what mechanism does intussusception cause an intestinal obstruction?
Telescoping of part of the intestine into another section of intestine
What abnormalities lead to the mucus plugging seen in children with cystic fibrosis (CF)?
Defective chloride secretion and excess sodium absorption thicken the mucus.
A synapse is the place where signals are transmitted from one neuron, called the ________________ to another neuron, called the _______________ neuron.
presynaptic, postsynaptic
What is the most common malignant bone tumor diagnosed during childhood?
Osteosarcoma
Pancreatic enzymes autodigest pancreatic cells and tissues. Which diagnosis is this?
Acute pancreatitis
Fluid in the pleural space characterizes which condition?
Pleural effusion
The ___________ comprises the central nervous system, while the _______________ comprise the peripheral nervous system.
brain and spinal cord, cranial nerves and spinal nerves
Bone remodeling involves__________, the removal of old bone tissue and ________, the formation of new bone.
resorption, ossification
What causes a person with cystic fibrosis to experience an exocrine pancreatic insufficiency?
Pancreatic ducts are obstructed with mucus
What % improvement does FEV1 have to show to support that it is reversible and likely asthma?
12%
This lobe in the brain receives and interprets visual information.
Occipital
Which joints are affected by rheumatoid arthritis?
Which cells of the dermis release histamine and play a role in the hypersensitivity reactions of the skin?
Mast cells