Dynasties
The pyramids of Giza (owners and dynasty)
Khufu, Khafre, Menkaure. 4th dynasty
Attenuated bodies and limbs, high small of back, lack of musculature, large eyes (Style and Period)
What is the Second Style of the First Intermediate Period?
When did they start using the grid line system? How many squares from hairline to soles of the feet? What is this system significant?
12th dyn. 18. canonical proportions for royal and elites -- control of styles and message.
Dynasty of statues with no back pillar, life-like proportions, broad faces, short necks, stiff angular limbs held close to the body, arm across the body.
Third dynasty
Describe saff tombs, who built them, where, and why they're significant.
Describe elite coffin development by dynasty.
early OK: palace facade, box coffins, vaulted lids
6th dyn: standard rectangular coffin with one line of inscription and wadjet eyes on east/left side.
11th dyn: more decoration inside/outside, false door, offerings, offering list, coffin text spells12th dyn: less interior more exterior decoration
Describe Dyn 12 private art statuary style characteristics versus Dyn 13.
curved rimmed upper lids and straight lower ones, brows that dip slightly above the nose, large, straight mouth with larger lower lip, chin divided from mouth by straight groove. Large thick wig (Females) high cheekbones, garments cling to body (unlike dyn 13 where they project). gentle undulations in wig (common to S2, s3 and A3, post s3-smooth more common), might show similarities to S3: large ears, heavy lids, downturned lips. soapstone, high waisted skirt, large bald men with this garment common,
13: smooth wigs, long garment (not heb sed),
Emphasis on fertility and domestic religion and the relationship of birth with rebirth. wands, rods, fertility figurines.
decoration moves from walls to models. continued emphasis on food and production but method of display has changed. meketre models; more elaborate coffin decoration;
Colossal Head of King Userkaf (JE 52501) : Meaning, Style, Significance, Dynasty
(slide 2)
Userkaf, the first king of the 5th dynasty, saw the cult of Re, god of the sun, begin to rise in importance as he was the first to build a Sun Temple at Abusir. He was likely descended from Redjedef (the third king of the 4th dynasty and the one whose status are largely made from red granite – see the connection? Family love of the sun? Redjedef is also the first to add Son of Re to the royal titulary) and so married Khentkaues who was a descendant of the main branch of the royal family. His pyramid at Saqqara was smaller than his predecessors and some believe this is due to the preeminence of the sun god over the pharaoh.
Tomb of Djer : MK and ED significance.
3rd king of dyn 1. 300 subsidiary burials, jewelry with imported stones,
rediscovered tomb of Djer at Umm el Qaab and designated it as the burial place of Osiris. it was restored with a new limestone shrine and lifesize granodiorite statue of Osiris lying on his funerary bier from perhaps the 13th dyn. all the attention Abydos got with the sponsored promotion of the Osiris cult there made Abydos into hte most sacred city of MK Egypt attracting hundreds of pilgrims
What is troublesome about using dynasties to describe evolution of temple form? What's the better way? Why? Briefly discuss what happens.
pre, early, mature, late formal doesn't match up with dynasties/kingdoms. more a consequence of increasing political control and centralization/patronage. With Intefs of FIP, royals begin rebuilding and donating to and building temples and their estates. leaving their marks and solidifying their rule and dependence of temples on them. development of temple at abydos, hierakonpolis, or medamud all examples.
Describe pre-unification style, name dynasty, and why important.
narrow shoulders, high small of the back, rounded limbs, straight fingers, pointed breasts, no musculature, eyes large and outlined showing paint with a cosmetic line extending back to the ear widening at the end inner canthus of the eye dips sharply downwards. eyebrows are flat above the eye, nose is broad with a heavy wing marked off by a deep incision, lips are thick and protruding and come together at the outer corners in a vertical line rather than a point. ears are large and set obliquely/slanted. 11th dynasty. M2 distances self from Theban style when takes LE.
Period marked by, object examples, and significance of burial goods being produced specifically for non royal burials.
FIP; wooden models, cartonnage mummy masks, slab stelae; coffin texts; implications for provinicial economy – small towns had enough wealth to support specialized craftsmen with a local demand.
Name the dynasty: statuary marked by move toward youthful, fleshy, realism with facial modelling from a more mature, severe style. Provide an example.
Menkaure triad/diad. Bust of ankh-haf. Hemiunu. Reserve heads. 3rd to 4th dynasty. Hesy-re
Third versus Fourth Dynasty Royal Tombs
step (djoser) - true (snefru)
not prominent/accessible - prominent/accessible
n/s - e/w
domestic, contained - linear, temple
elaborate house-like substructure - single burial chamber andstorage
decorated substructure - chapels decorated
Discuss the data we have from the 2nd dyn with regard to the unification of Egypt.
Maybe Narmer Palette and unification at dyn 0/1 was a myth. Peribsen-Khaskhemwy at end of second dynasty. Peribsen returned tomb building to Abydos (leaving Saqqara) and showed unusual association with Seth (god of UE). Sekhembi returns to horus above serkeh, but Khasek plays with both images, first both facing in same direction, then facing each other, perhaps sign of true unification at end of dyn 2. ivory tag of him fighting in the delta, statue of him crushing enemies, cylinder seal, massive tomb and funerary enclosure.
How might we stylistically identify reuse in 13th dyn statuary?
Development of mastaba style and decoration from dyn 3-6.
3rd dyn: serdabs, clustered around pyramids, individual ka statues and false doors
4th dyn: continues, chapels expanded, mastaba field at Giza, attached chapel, expanded to include family members/additional shafts, slab stela,
5-6 dyn: more complex substructures cut into mastaba rather than built to outside, mastabas larger, expanded decoration, continuation of slab stela, by end move away from capital into provinces, family statues, Niankhnum and khnumhotep.
Seated Statue of Mentuhotep II
Find spot, dynasty, style, significance
(slide 3)
archaizing (djoser), buried in shaft in forecourt at DeB, divine beard, red crown, heb sed.11th dyn.
Innovations and invocations of tradition in the burial complex of Senwosret I at Lisht.
On both its inner and outer faces the stone enclosure wall around the pyramid of Senwosret I at Lisht was decorated with one hundred relief panels combining serkeh, double crown, kingly titulary, monumentality, fecundity figures, and osiride imagery. set inside niched palace facade of early dynastic enclosure walls. 10 seated statues showing sema tawy symbolism discovered in a hole in mortuary temple. traditional elements in funerary chamber: entrance hall, pillard courtyard, transversehall, statue chamber, offering chamber all decorated.The releif style is typical for this period, a rimless eye across short lips and well modeled jaw. The wig shows dense curls and they have broad shoulders, well muscled arms, and slender waists.
A brief history of the MK 11th-13th dynasties.
Intefs, M2 (DeB), A1 (itjtawy, return to pyarmids, assassinated), Golden Age, S3/A3 (nomarch title, decorated tombs, art style), 13th dyn kings but business as usual.
not a "portrait" but a coded system of kingship for that particular reign. probably not what he looked like exactly but is more humanistic. like Menkaure of the 4th dyn. and less hieroglyphic/standard. protruding ears, rounded projecting eyes, prominent lids, patches beneath the eyes, sharp cheek bones, nasolabial folds, downturned mouth with mounds of flesh at the sides. body remains idealized and youthful.
Describe changes in slab stela form, location, and type from OK - MK
seated before offering table, as part of offering chapel and false door, marking location to bring offerings. FIP style: floating objects, not touching, square system. Pre-Uni - standing, straight fingers. MK - offering stela, but also memorial stela (Abydos)
Identify this statue in form, function, and significance.
(slide 4)block statue, late 11/early 12 dyn introduced. seated on the ground with knees to chest and arms on kenees. wrapped in tight fitting garment from which only the head, hands and feet show. exclusively for men, stayed through ptolemaic, good for inscriptions. participant observers of religion once restricted only to royalty. "democratization" of religion (but not really)
Compare pyramid complexes of the 6th dynasty with those of the MK.
smaller, standardized, Abusir, sun temples, decorated burial chambers with pyramid texts
mudbrick pyramids with stone lattice and coverstones. less stable. reused blocks from older complexes.Lisht, Dahshur, Lahun (interest in Faiyum), decorated burial chambers with offerings, experimentation with form (stone lattice, niched walls of S1)