Mutations
What is DNA mutation?
A permanent change in the sequence of nucleotides in an organism’s DNA.
What is the function of helicase in DNA replication?
Helicase opens the DNA double helix.
What is transcription?
What is the main function of translation in biological processes?
produce proteins by decoding the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA).
What is DNA?
A. A protein that gives energy
B. A molecule that contains genetic information
C. A type of sugar
B. A molecule that contains genetic information
Name the three main types of point mutations.
Silent, missense, and nonsense
What does DNA polymerase do during replication?
DNA polymerase adds new nucleotides to build the new DNA strand.
What is the initiation of transcription?
The stage where RNA polymerase binds to the promoter
Which molecule carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome during translation?
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Where is DNA mainly found in human cells?
A. In the cytoplasm
B. In the cell membrane
C. In the nucleus
C. In the nucleus
What type of mutation is caused when one or two bases are inserted or deleted, shifting the reading frame of the genetic code?
Frameshift mutation
What is the role of primase in DNA replication?
Primase makes a small RNA primer so polymerase can start.
What is messenger RNA?
A type of RNA produced during the transcription to make proteins
What role do transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules play in translation?
Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules play a crucial role by carrying specific amino acids to the ribosome and matching their anticodons to codons on the mRNA.
What is the shape of DNA?
A. Double helix
B. Straight line
C. Triangle
A. Double helix
What type of radiation from the sun can cause two thymine bases to stick together and form a “thymine dimer”?
Ultraviolet light / UV light
What does ligase do when the new DNA strand is being formed?
Ligase connects (glues) the fragments of the DNA strand.
What is splicing?
The process by which introns are removed
How does the ribosome know where to start and stop translating an mRNA sequence?
4. The ribosome starts translation at a specific start codon on the mRNA and continues moving along the mRNA, reading codons one by one until it reaches a stop codon.
Which nitrogen bases make up DNA?
A. A, G, C, and U
B. A, T, C, and G
C. A, U, C, and T
B. A, T, C, and G
Name the genetic disorder that is caused by an extra chromosome 21.
Down syndrome.
5. Which protein keeps the DNA strands separated during replication?
SSB proteins keep the DNA strands separated.
What is the elongation of transcription?
The stage where ribonucleotides are added to the growing RNA molecule
What are the three main stages of translation in protein synthesis?
The three main stages of translation are:
- Initiation
- Elongation
- Termination
What is the main function of DNA?
A. To provide energy for the cell
B. To store and transmit hereditary information
C. To control movement
B. To store and transmit hereditary information