Innate Immunity
what type of cell links the innate and adaptive immune systems?
dendritic cells
which type of inflammation causes a leukopenia?
acute overwhelming inflammatory
what is the most important complement protein?
C3
what is the predominate cell type in granulomatous exudate?
macrophages
what are the main cells involved in the adaptive immune system
T and B lymphocytes
External division - skin (epidermis, sebaceous glands, sweat, hair) and mucus membranes (mucus, secretions, cilia, gastric acid)
Internal division - cells, chemicals and physiology
what is the difference between a regenerative left shift and a degenerative left shift?
regenerative: (segs>bands) an adequate response to inflammatory disorders
non-regenerative: (bands>seg) an inadequate response to inflammatory disorders
which complement pathway binds using an antigen-antibody complex and which one binds directly to the pathogen surface?
classical pathway - antigen-antibody complex
alternate pathway - pathogen surfaces
what are lymphoplasmacytic exudates often associated with?
viruses, hypersensitivities, toxins, and intracellular processes
what is an epitope
the part of the immunogenic molecule that binds to the FAB region of the antibody
what are the main innate immunity cells and what does each one do?
Neutrophils - first responders, short lifespan, highly phagocytic
macrophages - derived from monocytes, phagocytosis, cytokine production and antigen presentation
dendritic cells - long-lived phagocytosis, major antigen presenting cells
natural killer cells - kill virus-infected and tumor cells
what are the positive acute phase proteins, negative acute phase proteins, and delayed phase proteins?
positive acute phase - haptoglobin and fibrinogen
negative acute phase - albumin and transferrin
delayed phase - immunoglobulins
what are the 3 complement pathways
classical
alternative
mannose-binding lectin
what is the difference between acute and chronic inflammation (duration, vascular changes, systemic changes)?
acute: minutes to days, no vascular changes, fever, leukocytosis
chronic: days to months, neovascularization, low grade fever, weight loss, anemia
is a hapten immunogenic by itself? why or why not?
it is not immunogenic by itself because it must be bound to the to a carrier molecule first. The immune system cannot "see" the hapten until it is bound to the carrier molecule
what are the 4 phases of phagocytosis
chemotaxis
adherence
ingestion
destruction
what are the different types of neutrophil pools and where are they found?
in the bone marrow: proNP, matNP, SNP
in blood - circulating and marginating pools
what is the membrane attack complex and how is it formed?
C5b-C9 - the terminal end of complement components that allows for direct penetration into the pathogen and therefore lysis occurs.
what is the role of T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes in inflammation?
T: make contact with infected cell and release cytotoxins to induce apoptosis
B: produce antibodies recognized by other cells that are involved in immune processes
what do MHC cells do?
determine which peptides are presented to T-cells, therefore shape the T-cell response.
explain what PRRs, PAMP's, and TLR's are and how they help with an innate immune response.
PRR - pattern recognition receptor on innate immune cell that detect PAMPs
TLR's - Toll Like Receptors - the most important PRR on phagocytic cells
PAMP's - pathogen associated molecular pattern - what immune cells recognize
TLR's work to recognize the PAMP so that the body can initiate a response against the pathogen.
how can you tell the difference between leukogram patterns (acute inflammatory, cortisol stress, chronic inflammatory, and catecholamine)?
acute inflammatory - regenerative left shift (>1000 bands)
cortisol stress - regenerative left shift (<1000 bands)
chronic inflammatory - NO left shift, increased eosinophils
catecholamine - NO left shift, increased lymphocytes, seen in excited cats
What makes C3b so helpful for phagocytosis
C3b acts as a great opsonin which makes the pathogen easier to phagocytose since macrophages have a C3b receptor
what are the types of acute exudates and what are the types of chronic exudates?
acute - serous, serohemorrhagic, fibrinous, catarrhal, purulent
chronic - granulomatous and lymphoplasmacytic
what cells to MHC-I activate and what do MHC-II activate?
MHC-1: CD8 cytotoxic T cells
MHC-II: CD4 helper T cells