Biological
The rate of similarity with regard to a behavior or mental health issue in twins
Concordance rate
Negative views of the world, self, and future.
A variable that may increase or decrease the likelihood of developing depression after adverse childhood experiences.
Moderator variable
A lack of awareness and recognition of cultural differences within groups which could lead to misdiagnosis.
Cultural blindness.
In a longitudinal study of depression, participants with the most severe symptoms are more likely to drop out before the study is completed. This could systematically affect the final results.
Attrition bias
The bias that leads to low data reliability in family studies.
Recall bias. People may not have accurate memories of their own parents or grandparents mental health.
An all-or-nothing approach to viewing the world. For example, you either love me or you hate me. I either have to be the best, or I am a failure.
Dichotomous thinking
The model that argues that mental illness is the interaction of environmental and biological factors
The Diathesis Stress Model
What is a key difference between Individualistic and Collectivistic cultures with regard to symptoms of depression?
Individualistic cultures tend to have more affective symptoms than collectivistic cultures
An explanation argues that exposure to stressful life events determines whether someone develops depression, while giving little consideration to biological vulnerability or individual differences.
Environmental determinism
The role of the 5HTT gene in Caspi's classic study.
The serotonin transport gene regulate the reuptake of serotonin from the synaptic gap.
In Beck's model, it is not clear if irrational thinking causes depression or if people with depression develop irrational thinking patterns.
Bidirectional ambiguity
In domino causality, each "step" is what type of variable?
A mediating variable.
What is the name of the approach to diagnosis that uses local knowledge rather than relying on the DSM?
An emic approach
A researcher explains depression entirely in terms of serotonin levels, without considering cognitive processes, social relationships, or stressful life experiences.
Biological reductionism
What researchers are looking for when they see a Manhattan plot
Candidate genes
How did Beck provide evidence for this model?
From transcripts of therapy sessions with his clients.
Which hormone is increased as a result of adverse childhood experiences and may play a role in the development of depression?
Cortisol.
The expression of psychological distress through physical symptoms
Somatization or conversion.
A treatment for depression reduces depressive symptoms but produces new problems, such as significant sleep disturbance or emotional blunting. These unintended negative consequences result from the treatment itself.
Iatrogenic effect
The type of research carried out by Capsi to determine the relationships between gene mutations and environmental stressors.
An association or linkage study.
What type of therapy is CBT?
A directive therapy where the researcher decides which of your thoughts are irrational and guides you on how to change your thinking patterns.
The type of causality that is described as multiple stressors or risk factors adding up over time. Once a certain threshold is reached, mental health symptoms may emerge
Cumulative causality
According to the FHORT model, what is a key risk factor for poor mental health in Indigenous communities?
Awareness of historical oppression
Researchers studying the etiology of depression need to operationalize the severity of depressive symptoms. They ask participants to complete a 21-item self-report questionnaire assessing symptoms such as sadness, guilt, and loss of interest.
The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)