Why did Villarosa initially doubt maternal mortality was a problem in the U.S.?
she thought it only happened in poor countries; assumed the U.S. was safe
Institutional changes needed?
Bias training, better monitoring, accountability, data tracking, and support for doulas.
Why isn’t education enough to protect Black women?
Even highly educated Black women face higher risks than less-educated White women.
What is gaslighting in a medical context?
Making patients doubt their symptoms or feelings.
What changed her mind?
Statistics and stories of Black women dying or almost dying during childbirth.
: How did some doctors gaslight Black women in these chapters?
gnored, minimized, or dismissed their concerns.
How does Simone Landrum’s story show unequal treatment?
Her symptoms were ignored or minimized by doctors
Why is gaslighting dangerous for pregnant Black women?
: It can delay treatment and cause serious health risks.
Role of doulas/community health workers?
Advocate for patients, support mothers, make sure concerns are heard.
Who helps counteract gaslighting during medical care?
Doulas, advocates, or supportive healthcare workers.