Slavery
This invention increased U.S. production, profits, and dependency on cotton as a cash crop.
The Cotton Gin
Fear of this happening led to the enactment of slave codes in the South.
Slave revolts.
The network of safe houses and escape routes used by enslaved individuals to reach freedom in the North.
Underground Railroad
What is called to leave one's own country to settle permanently in another?
Emigration.
Advocates of this type of resistance embraced overthrowing slavery through direct action, including revolts and, if necessary, violence to address the daily urgency of living and dying under slavery.
Radical Resistance
The underground railroad was a covert network of Black and White abolitionists who provided transportation, shelter, and other resources to help enslaved people fleeing the South resettle in free territories in the U.S. North, Canada, and Mexico in the 19th century. One of the most well-known conductors of the Underground Railroad, after fleeing enslavement, she returned to the South at least 19 times, leading enslaved African Americans to freedom. She sang spirituals to alert enslaved people of plans to leave.
Harriet Tubman
Before the 19th century, more people arrived in the Americas from Africa than from any other region by this means.
The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
This 17th-century law, defined a child’s legal status based on the status of its mother and held significant consequences for enslaved African Americans.
Partus sequitur ventrem
This revolution which was the only uprising of enslaved people that resulted in overturning a colonial, slaveholding government. It transformed a European colony into a Black republic free of slavery and created the second independent nation in the Americas, after the U.S. It inspired uprisings in other African diaspora communities, such as the Louisiana Slave Revolt (1811), one of the largest on U.S. soil, and the Malê Uprising of Muslim slaves (1835), one of the largest revolts in Brazil.
The Haitian Revolution.
This amendment abolished slavery?
13th amendment.
What were some key places suggested as an option for the emigration of African Americans?
Africa, Upper Canada, Mexico, etc.
The abolitionist-inspired movement that fought for the rights of women.
Women's suffrage movement.
A free Black musician who was captured and illegally sold into slavery on a cotton plantation in Louisiana, provided an eyewitness account in his narrative, Twelve Years a Slave.
Solomon Northup
Their familiarity with multiple languages, cultural norms, and commercial practices granted them a measure of social mobility. These Africans who worked as intermediaries before the predominance of chattel slavery were known as _____________________
Ladinos
This defined chattel slavery as a race-based, inheritable, lifelong condition and included restrictions against freedom of movement, congregation, possessing weapons, and wearing fine fabrics, among other activities.
Slave codes.
Breaking tools, feigning illness, staging slowdowns, committing acts of arson and sabotage, would be classified as this type of resistance.
Covert Resistance
The 13th Amendment did not apply to the nearly 10,000 African Americans enslaved by them. The U.S. government negotiated treaties with these nations to end legal slavery in their territories in 1866, though these treaties did not grant freed men rights as citizens in these territories.
Indigenous nations.
He wrote, arguably the most radical of all anti-slavery documents, which caused a great stir when it was published in September of 1829 with its call for slaves to revolt against their masters. He was a free black man originally from the South. ". . .they want us for their slaves, and think nothing of murdering us. . . therefore, if there is an attempt made by us, kill or be killed. . . and believe this, that it is no more harm for you to kill a man who is trying to kill you, than it is for you to take a drink of water when thirsty."
In his Appeal, he rejected the idea of emigration to Africa. He wrote to counter Thomas Jefferson’s arguments in Notes on the State of Virginia—namely that African Americans were inferior by nature, benefitted from slavery, were incapable of self-government, and, if freed, should emigrate.
David Walker
What court case ruled that African Americans were not citizens so they could not have the rights as free people?
Dredd Scott vs Sandford.
She was the first Black woman to publish a political manifesto, and one of the first American women to give a public address. Her advocacy in the 1830s contributed to the first wave of the feminist movement.
Maria Stewart
This African conquistador was born in the Kingdom of Kongo, moved to Lisbon, Portugal. A free man, he became the first known African to arrive in North America when he explored present-day Florida during a Spanish expedition in 1513. He maintained his freedom by serving in the Spanish military forces, participating in efforts to conquer Indigenous populations.
Who is Juan Garrido
This musical genre, rooted in African traditions, emerged as a significant cultural expression among enslaved individuals in the United States. They were used to resist the dehumanizing conditions and injustice of enslavement, express their creativity, and communicate strategic information, such as plans to run away, warnings, and methods of escape.
Negro Spirituals.
They were Afro-descendants who escaped slavery to establish free communities. During the Haitian Revolution, they disseminated information across disparate groups and organized attacks.
maroons
These described firsthand accounts of suffering under slavery, methods of escape, and acquiring literacy, with an emphasis on the humanity of enslaved people to advance the political cause of abolition.
Slave narratives
What were the arguments AGAINST the emigration of African Americans back to Africa?
Blacks had earned the right to live in the United States, it was an excuse to get rid of free blacks, it would create conflict with the native Africans, etc.
This was the first sanctioned free Black town in what is now the U.S.
Fort Mose
She wrote Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, which became the first narrative published by an enslaved African American woman.
Harriet Jacobs
Forty-eight percent (48%) of all Africans who were brought to the United States directly from Africa landed here, the center of U.S. slave trading.
Charleston, S.C
In the task system, enslaved people worked individually until they met a daily quota, generally with less supervision. The task system was used for the cultivation of crops like rice and indigo. With less oversight, some enslaved people found the autonomy to maintain linguistic practices, such as this creole language that developed in the Carolina Lowcountry.
the Gullah creole language
What act required that escaped slaves should be returned to their owners even if they were in a free state?
Fugitive Slave Act
Name five key abolitionists.
Sojourner Truth, Harriet Tubman, Fredrick Douglass, William Lloyd Garrison, Martin Delany, etc.
This was a White-led organization that drove earlier attempts to colonize parts of Africa in order to relocate free Black people from the U.S.
the American Colonization Society
This spiritual was documented and composed by Wallace Willis, a formerly enslaved Black person in Choctaw territory in Mississippi who was displaced to Oklahoma territory during the Trail of Tears.
“Steal Away”
This individual became the first African American to publish a book of poetry.
Phyllis Wheatley