Match the Case!
This Supreme Court case involved the University of California, Davis Medical School.
What is University of California v. Bakke (1978)
Executive orders that enforce affirmative action in federal contracts fall under this branch of government authority.
What is the executive branch?
This term refers to numerical set-asides that are unconstitutional in admissions.
What are quotas?
Affirmative action began in this decade.
What is the 1960s?
After 2023, universities may consider ethnicity in this type of essay discussion when evaluating applicants.
What is a personal statement?
This Supreme Court case involved the University of Michigan Law School.
What is Grutter v. Bollinger (2003)?
After 2023, many universities still consider this factor instead of race.
What is socioeconomic status?
Often mistaken for affirmative action, this is a broader strategy that builds a culture where everyone feels included and valued.
What is diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI)?
This president first introduced affirmative action policies.
Who is John F. Kennedy?
This concept refers to increasing representation by removing structural barriers rather than using explicit racial preferences.
What is equity?
This Supreme Court case struck down a point system giving automatic bonus points to minorities.
What is Gratz v. Bollinger (2003)?
The requirement for NFL teams to interview at least one candidate from underrepresented racial/ethnic groups for the head coach, general manager, and senior football operations positions.
What is the Rooney Rule?
This constitutional amendment is central to most affirmative action court cases.
What is the Fourteenth Amendment?
This President issued an executive order prohibiting employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, etc.
Who is Lyndon B. Johnson?
The (current) Chief Justice of the Supreme Court when affirmative action in college decisions was banned.
Who is John Roberts?
This Supreme Court case upheld the use of race as a factor in admissions to achieve campus diversity.
This federal law includes employment discrimination and interacts with affirmative action policies in hiring.
What is the Civil Rights Act of 1964?
This clause of the Fourteenth Amendment was originally aimed at protecting African Americans post-Civil War.
What is the Equal Protection Clause?
This population group was identified by the Labor Department as the primary beneficiaries of affirmative action policies in the 1960s and 1970s (name both the race and gender).
Who are white women?
Members of majority groups alleging that they faced bias or unfair treatment due to affirmative action.
What is reverse discrimination?
These two universities were involved in the 2023 affirmative action Supreme Court decision.
What are Harvard University and the University of North Carolina?
The contractual clause for actors or filmmakers to mandate diversity in casting and production.
What is an inclusion rider?
Courts often apply this highest level of judicial review to race-based policies.
What is strict scrutiny?
This Supreme Court era shaped early affirmative action doctrine.
What is the Burger Court?
A type of affirmative action where private companies develop their own initiative to promote diversity and equal opportunity.
What is voluntary affirmative action?